Bagatory lighting system. Features of the nutritional system of illumination at the current university and the ideas of the Bologna process In many countries, the enrichment system of illumination

One of the direct reforms of the European lighting system, announced by the ministers of European countries in 1999. in Bologna, there is a transition to a rich lighting system (bachelor - master - doctor).

At first glance, the implementation of this principle in the lighting system seems incomplete, because It is important to adhere to the unified principle of personnel training in the system of extensive coverage that existed until recently for higher education specialties. In fact, since the beginning of the 90s. (After the adoption of the Federal Law “On Education” in 1992, long before the adoption of the Bologna Declaration), the Russian education system is regulated by the possibility of implementing extensive training. Moreover, it was immediately conveyed that the rich system of “bachelor - master” and the system of training certified fakivs can and should be carried out in parallel, or in parallel, because These two systems may have different ideologies of preparation. Bagator's preparation system transfers the rukh from the private to the private, then. From the beginning, people have to gain broad exposure to this directly, and then gradually move on to more advanced training through programs and specializations. Preparation for a specialty conveys orientation towards a specific area of ​​professional activity.

In reality, the situation, as before, turned out differently. Proposed by the Ministry of Foreign and Professional Education Methodological recommendations for dividing the Perelik project into areas of training (specialties), models of the State Educational Standards for various professional education ( zrazkiv 1992-93 rubles and 2000 rubles) was possible up to the compulsory minimum of replacement and level of preparation of bachelors, Masters, graduates and graduates created the “Mother’s” method. The disaggregated Classifier of training areas (specialties), without providing a clear objective criterion for determining what the responsibilities lie between areas, between areas and specialties, as well as between different specialties, and “evaluating” the concept of “specialization” and “master’s program” , raising them to one structural unit. The fragmented State educational standards, both the first and the next generation, could not determine what kind of bachelors, masters and graduates are distinguished, from a glance, knowledge, skills and beginners, which are obtained from process of beginning. Apparently, when developing initial plans, universities began to use the same “matryoshka” method, which is a mechanical, arithmetic combination of two fundamentally different approaches to the preparation of bachelors, masters and diplomas their fakhіvtsіv: 4+1+2.

In order not to repeat the mistakes that have already been made, it is important to once again think about the possibilities that we reject when moving to a rich system of illumination, and then try to get the most out of them in our daily activities. i.

Such a system, in terms of methodology and ideology, allows the student to develop skills and skills through the course of his life, to acquire the skill of intersocial composition. It will ensure a clear layering of acquired knowledge, harmonize diversification of methodology and methods of development at different levels of personnel training.

The Bagatorian system corresponds to the nature of the university education itself, the main goal of which lies in the preparation of well-educated people who are ready to work in intellectually advanced positions up to professional mobility, which break stereotypes and promote new ideas and solutions. The problem of preparing graduates for the science of science is also easier, allowing them to combine general and specialized training in different fields (for example, bachelor’s training in economics can be combined with master’s training a lawyer or a political scientist, or a bachelor's degree in mathematics can be combined with a master's degree in economics).

This, in its turn, will ensure a selection of students, giving in a fairly short term to those who do not want further education, and would like to consolidate their knowledge in practice, a sufficient level of preparation, which allows you to carry out full-time professional activities. An additional advantage is the ability to individualize the beginning, expand the capabilities of students in an independent and independent way of life.

With a practical transition to a rich system in Russian universities, it is necessary, first of all, to clearly formulate in terms of knowledge, skills, and skills that are to be learned, the basic training of bachelors, masters, and candidates of science. Since the main goal of bachelor's training is knowledge of a wide profile of training and the addition of minimal skills to them in practice, then master's degree training has a greater impact aimed at obtaining specialized knowledge, the most possible skills and professional skills. Apparently, a candidate of sciences with extensive specialized knowledge is responsible not only for transforming existing knowledge, but also for generating, formulating and implementing new ideas and knowledge.

Another problem is the decomposition of the knowledge that has been removed. It is no secret that the student, on the one hand, respects discipline, which is the most important and necessary for the preparation of a teacher, on the other hand, he tries to convey to the student all the knowledge that he himself Nowadays, with regard to discipline, thirdly, creating new courses. Naturally, in the minds of the same time, the fact that one student has mastered all the different types of material, the different concentrations of students in a specific discipline, and the tasks of navigating the day theoretically cannot be achieved i. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the methodology of training, which transfers the steps, richly involved in the area that is being studied, or discipline.

To fill the folded and sung world with the contents of food about the specialization of bachelor's lighting programs and master's lighting programs. Minimal specialization in the preparation of bachelors is naturally ensured by the writing of coursework and the preparation of a final qualifying thesis, as well as the availability of courses for students to choose from. We cannot forget that Volodar’s bachelor’s degree is due to his mother and singing qualifications.

The master's program initially provides training not for the broad field, but for a larger, narrower segment within the framework of the broad field. Moreover, the flow of master's programs implemented by the university may change frequently. Within the framework of master's programs there is an opportunity to see even more important areas of specialization. However, there is also the danger of converting master's programs into programs for mastering a specific craft.

The principles of forming master's programs from different areas of preparation may be different.

p align="justify"> When forming the transfer of master's programs, it is not possible to focus only on the original departmental structure of the faculty, because This can lead to the development of the negative aspects of specialization - space, housekeeping, decreased capacity. The departments will be able to implement the program without any effort, in the minds of the objective interconnectedness (staffing structure, qualifications of the professorial and academic warehouse) of labor resources, as well as the constant emergence of new interdisciplinary areas of scientific research. This is a dead end for the development of the faculty as a whole.

In the system of advanced training, the master's degree occupies the golden mean between bachelor's and postgraduate degrees. Coming from this, the preparatory masters can clearly see two equal warehouses: the theoretical beginning and the scientific-research work. Moreover, in part of the rest, according to the current State lighting standards, 50% of the hour is introduced. In addition, the national standard identifies the main organizational forms of scientific research work of master's degree students:

• - scientific research work in the semester;
• - Scientific and research practice;
• - scientific and pedagogical practice;
• -- Master's thesis.

In addition to the preparation of bachelors, master's training places importance on the organization and the student's various practices. In this case, their replacement and forms are rich in what may be considered as direct preparation.

It is necessary to think about the preliminary assessment of the results of the internship. It may be voiceless and not limited to an assessment other than a scientific one, perhaps by creating a special commission with representatives from both the faculty and the organization where the students did their internship. In addition, the results of internship in the 1st year and pre-graduation practice can be a compulsory warehouse that leads to coursework and a master's thesis.

It is impossible to solve problems using only kernel programs and specialization, because Here it is necessary to think about the motivation not only of the motivation (moral and material) of the professorial and educational warehouse, but also of potential partner organizations.

In connection with the specific “intermediate” formation of the master’s degree within the framework of the comprehensive training system, it is natural to understand the relationship between the master’s degree with the bachelor’s degree and the master’s degree with the postgraduate degree. The interconnections should be seen both from the point of view of the beginning program and from the point of view of the beginning of the program, and from the point of view of the master's and postgraduate programs.

• a) criteria for assessing different levels of training in basic fundamental courses, such as those taken at bachelor’s and master’s degrees;
• b) interconnections between specializations of bachelor's and master's programs based on the assigned courses (repetitions may occur);
• c) interconnections between master’s programs/specializations and specializations in the preparation of postgraduate students;
• d) master's thesis as a result of the master's research work and post-graduate work in graduate school;
• e) the possibility of completing the candidate minimum.

Understand the rules:

• a) admission to the master's program is based on success, so the main criterion for selection is the results of competitive entrance examinations. Entrance programs will require constant thoroughness, because They can display all changes in bachelor's training programs in specific areas;
• b) upon admission to graduate school, more respect should be given to the assessment of the scientific potential of the applicant, and one of the main criteria for recommendations before graduate school may be the basis of scientific research work master's degree students, it is necessary to expand the criteria for recommendations.

The role of graduate school in the system of educational training is especially worthy of note. The preparation of candidates of sciences is due to the system of post-university professional education. In connection with this, since the preparation of bachelors and masters would like to be coordinated in some way, both locally and in the areas of training, postgraduate studies are still being held at the university. In the first place, there is a transfer between the training of bachelors and masters and the transfer of scientific specialties, especially in areas such as economics and management.

Light evidence shows that the master's degree is seen as a part, and, having started in doctoral programs, no one is aware of the possibility of taking off the doctoral level immediately after taking off the bachelor's degree. True, there are a variety of options: either enroll in a master's program from the beginning, and then enroll in a doctoral program, or immediately enroll in a doctoral program, but only then enroll in a master's program.

However, in modern practice there are precedents for the exclusion of candidate dissertations on the basis of the qualifying bachelor's level.

When switching to a nutritional system of preparation, nutritional methods and technologies for skin treatment become increasingly important for food and drink. The methodology applied and taught is one of the main factors that determines the consistency of both bachelor's and master's degree programs. The development of initial plans and the implementation of programs of initial disciplines will contribute more than half to the success of investment activities. The most important and difficult question lies in the extent to which it is possible to ensure the training of this discipline not only in the classroom, but also within the framework of independent work of students. Master's training not only transfers, but also requires a transition to active forms of training, shifting the emphasis to the independent work of students.

One of the main features of master's training in the preparation of bachelors lies in the fact that the master's program is largely focused on satisfying individual basic and scientific interests and students. This learning takes place in small groups, which naturally conveys close contact between the student and each student and gives students the opportunity to openly discuss their needs before the student. Master's students, as a rule, are more motivated, more concerned with practical (commercial and non-commercial) and scientific research activities. Doctors said that they came out of this mission (to ensure that students gain special knowledge and training in singing skills and knowledge for active analytical research and development), which fell on the part of the master's degree within the framework of external training, it is necessary to demonstrate advances in their abilities to the professorial and scientific warehouse from their point of view know and understand.

Investors are constantly not only updating their courses, but developing new ones, for which there is a clearly thought out system (financial and organization) of advanced qualifications, which would allow their participation and conduct and scientific research in specific areas of science and practice.

In addition, it is important to organize a system for advanced qualifications and depository expertise, so that depositors could exchange information and master new methods and technologies.

The development of the comprehensive training system translates into a transition to a program-based principle of organization and management of the initial process at VNZ, which, in its turn, will lead to the emergence of new organizational and institutional forms - master's programs - change the roles and positions of existing departments. These changes must be fully recorded in the relevant statutory documents: Statute of the Principal Mortgage, Regulations on the Faculty.

The master's program may become a new institutional entity, the status of which must be clearly regulated by the relevant Regulations. The Regulations about the Master's program must be fully secured:

• - Basic principles of the formation of master's programs;
• -- the procedure for closing and liquidating master's programs;
• - rights and obligations of the master's program;
• - the order of assignment and execution of the program;
• - status of specialization within the master's program;
• - Rights and obligations of ceramic specialists;
• - the procedure for the assignment and production of ceramics is valid for specialization.

Relevant is the supply of personnel for the management of master's programs. First of all, there is a mutual relationship between the specialists of the program and the specialization and the heads of the departments. And here we can see the problems of “internal”, departmental interaction and the problems of “external” interaction, then. If the program managers, finishing their obligations to ensure personnel support for the initial plans of master's programs, will not ever come to terms with the department managers.

Practice shows that often heads of departments will collaborate with the teachers of master’s programs on the principles of direct subordination and compulsory compilation of all inclusions. This approach is an attempt to transform a master's program from an interdepartmental one to a departmental one, as it seems possible to recruit highly qualified specialists from different departments and organizations.

The university has a focus on the effectiveness of management, then. about effective communication between departments and new organizational forms and structures that are emerging. With the singing world, the monopoly of the departments, which was formed in the greatest initial deposits, can become a galm for further development.

If one does not see the transition to a program-based management method as a threat to departments, it is necessary to talk about a change and a more complex functional role of departments, because Their activities are becoming more diversified.

After the Great Southern Socialist Revolution at the beginning of the 1990s. In the wake of much of the USSR, there was a single-level system of education, which was limited in the preparation of fakhivtsev until the development of a narrow number of specific professional jobs (the “German system”).

This system has minor advantages: state typification and unification of initial plans in all colleges and universities; the ability to gain narrow or deep knowledge and skills in a specific specialty; the procedure for transferring students from one initial position to another for a new specialty has been simplified; the possibility of developing a unified initial-methodical provision of training for specialists (trainers, basic assistants, posters, diagrams, basic films, etc.).

Together h Thus, the single-river system has a number of shortcomings: the degree of flexibility and adaptation in the context depends on the specificity of the study and the level of its flexibility; the impossibility of transferring to a non-core university; the complexity of the consumer market (money market) and the specific possibilities of initial deposits; The inconsistency of the program’s replacement could lead to the leaders of the emerging European system of education, which made the nostrification of graduates’ diplomas difficult or impossible.

The system of enrichment lighting can be applied to the structure that transmits such levels (steps) of lighting (Fig. 2.3).

I rhubarb is an unknown source of illumination with the trivality of the beginning of at least two rocks. The student population is formed mainly from school graduates. Qualification is not guaranteed.

II rhubarb – a place of professional education. The contingent of students is formed from graduates of the first level of education, as well as from graduates of SSNU and colleges. The new term for navchannya is no less than 4 rocks; qualification (academic level) – bachelor. I see a diploma about the search for light.

Level III - implemented following basic professional lighting programs of two types:

first type (master's degree) - On the basis of bachelor's programs, a specialized training program is directly mastered, which includes compulsory scientific and educational activities. The normative term navchannya is no less than 2 rocks. The graduate is awarded the qualification (academic level) “master” and receives a final diploma;

other type (specialist)- the program includes disciplines of all cycles (blocks) of DOS VPO, as well as theoretical and practical training for the specialty and specialization. The normative term for beginning after completing a bachelor's degree is no less than one fate. The graduate is awarded the qualification of a specialist, certified by a diploma of higher education.

Basic training programs for facists can be completed independently of bachelor's training. In this case, the standard terms of reference are established by the State Duma of Higher Professional Education for a specific phase, but not less than 5 years.

Mastering the lighting programs at VNZ will be ensured by consistent organization of the initial process. At this time of widespread expansion, universities have a block-modular structure of initial plans: in the First Rivne (1st and 2nd courses), the course of study is mainly represented by the disciplines of social-humanitarian and natural-mathematical cycles of the DGZ HPE, which wills to lay the foundation of illumination; Non-professional disciplines on the first level will become 10-15% of the professional education program. Taki Pіdhіd Zberiga єdini Ovnitniy, Yogo Vidkriti, Pevna Student's stupidness: Vin without special, it is forced to go to Vishi, the same professor of profession for izhu.

The unification of discipline and the level of education allowed a wealth of economic tasks to be carried out frequently: to occupy students in various fields and specialties, it is possible to deliver a combination of streaming lectures, so reduces the cost of preparation, saving energy. Due to the implementation of national educational standards, universities have denied sufficient academic freedom, which gives them the right, within the framework of the obligation of years, to advance courses for the selection of students and for the regional (university) component The program is dedicated to the promotion of additional author's courses, expanding services in place of the federal component.

Most of the assistants work for fakhivts (market organizations), from professional benefits to the clerk, as they require knowledge of a foreign language and trade on a computer in the corist mode vacha. DOS VPO allows VNZ to ensure consistent training due to the flexibility and variability of the lighting-professional program and the specifically oriented concept of lighting.

It is possible to develop an initial plan for specialties related to bachelor's degrees and also develop a lighting system that is more open and mobile. Thus, the benefits of the DGZ VPO are focused on:

· Openness, flexibility, mobility of the lighting system;

· culturally similar approach to the selection of a place that will ensure the development of self-identified characteristics;

· fundamentalization of knowledge in the interrelation with practical directness to professional activity;

· The consistency and availability of educational programs from different countries, their openness, variability, and availability;

· Particularly oriented nature of illumination, which enhances the flexibility and capacity of the skin subject during the illumination process;

· widespread use and development of new information and innovative lighting technologies.

The ability to make choices and change the lighting trajectory of the process to achieve greater illumination without interrupting it develops a sense of self-esteem, self-esteem, and accelerates socialization This future teacher will ensure emotional comfort for the students. Expanding the range of professional activities after graduation increases the social security of the graduate.

The end of the robot -

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Economics

Introduction Subject assigned to the course Economics of lighting Lighting installations in the transition to market.. Introduction Subject assigned to the course Economics of lighting.

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Galuzevian aspect of illumination
It is worthwhile to understand the term galuz, which is clearly connected with the scientific sphere. Under the concept of people's rule there is a clearly homogeneous set of enterprises and the establishment of other rulers.

Features of lighting services
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Scientific approaches to the illumination system
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Economics as a basic discipline
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Basic elements of the lighting system
The system of professional education is complex and hierarchical, dynamically developing and conservative, mono-level and rich, universal and specialized, mono-level

Professional initial deposits
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Master's programs
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Characteristics of the lighting system
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International shows in Galusia illuminated
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Problems with the lighting system
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Deep problems of illuminating Russia
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Current trends in the new story
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The main powers of the sphere of illumination
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Federal program for development of lighting
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Brightness of light
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Growing role of non-budget funds
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Koshtoris income and vitrat GOU
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The current state of the initial material base
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The system of professional education is complex and hierarchical, dynamically developing both conservative, mono-level and multi-level, universal and specialized, mono-galuse and inter-galouze. Basic elements of professional education (Fig. 1.1):

– for the purposes of illuminating: training of specialists with advanced qualifications, advanced qualifications, retraining of personnel with new qualifications, additional education, among other things;

– beyond the eastern regions: Pochatkova, middle, school, post-university professional education;

– for the forms of learning: full-time (day), part-time (evening), part-time and distance as a type of part-time study without sessions, external studies (self-learning of a professional educational program with all types of certification without participation in an organized process sі navchannya).

Small 1.1. Classification of vocational education system

In accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation “About lighting” and “Looking for post-graduate professional education”, lighting installations are classified according to the following criteria:

behind the form of power: sovereign, municipal and non-state (private, civil and religious organizations/publics) lighting installations; Regardless of the organizational and legal forms and subordination, the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of lighting is expanding throughout all the light settings of Russia;

by type: preschool, back-lighting (early back-lighting, main back-lighting, middle (povna) back-lighting) install; establish professional education (primary, secondary, high school and post-university); establish additional lighting for adults; special (corrective) installations for students with advanced development; install additional lighting; establish for orphans and children who have lost their fathers without education (children's dormitories, boarding schools, etc.); establish additional education for children;

by sight The Russian Federation has established the following initial structures of professional education: university, academy, institute, college, technical school (school), vocational school (vocational school), lyceum.

Professional education of any level will ensure that students obtain a profession with a high level of qualification.

University – a great initial investment, whose activity is directly focused on the development of education, science and culture through the conduct of fundamental scientific research and development on all levels, post-university and additional education from a wide range of natural resources, traditional and other areas of science, technology and culture. The University is a leading center for the development of education, science and culture, which absorbs increased scientific knowledge and promotes cultural and educational activities among the population.

Academy – A great initial contribution, whose activity is directly aimed at the development of education, science and culture through the conduct of scientific research and development at all levels, post-university and additional education is important in one of galuzey of science, technology and culture. The Academy is a leading scientific and methodological center in its field of activity, which on a large scale provides training for high-qualification fakists and retraining of professional fachivists. i (regions).

Institute – an independent major contribution or part (structural subdivision) to a university, academy, which implements professional educational programs from low-directions of science, technology and culture and current scientific research.

College – the average professional starting position, which is related to the training of specialists of the first level of qualification (technician, economist, accountant, nurse, radio operator, etc.). In Great Britain and the USA, colleges are included in the warehouse of universities, in Russia they have independent initial institutions with regional and municipal authorities.

Technical school (school)- An average professional initial deposit for the preparation of fakhivts of the 1st level for various galuzes of the people's rule. In the USSR since 1920. It was important that they were created in the training camps for the preparation of fakhivts in a technical and financial-economic profile. In the social sphere, schools were organized (pedagogical, musical, medical, artistic, etc.).

Vocational and technical schools (vocational schools) – The main course of initial professional education for qualified workers on the basis of basic or intermediate (renewed) education. Found in the USSR since 1958. and made a significant contribution to the training of young workers. Since the 90s, vocational schools have been reorganized into technical lyceums or merged with technical schools.

Installation of the license can be performed on one or several lighting programs of one or several lighting levels (Fig. 1.2).

Before behind-the-scenes lighting is carried out by programs of preschool and post-primary education, basic education and secondary (advanced) education. Instead of these programs, there is a direct development of a cultural culture of particularity, creating a basis for informed choice and mastery of professional educational programs.

Small 1.2. Classification of lighting programs

Before professional is carried out by programs of primary, secondary, secondary, post-graduate and additional education. These programs are designed for the consistent advancement of professional and educational levels, and the training of specialists of a specific qualification.

Since the beginning of the 90s, Russia has gradually introduced a comprehensive system of professional education. Resolution of the Committee of the High School of the Ministry of Science of Russia No. 13 dated 13 February 1992. and the Decree of the Russian Federation No. 940 dated September 8, 1994. was approved and put into effect by the new national educational standards for advanced professional education (GZ VPO). At 2000 rub. State standards of another generation have been confirmed, which regulate over 1000 areas and over 500 specialties of higher education.

The enrichment lighting system can be applied to a structure that transmits the following levels (steps) of lighting (Fig. 1.3):

And rhubarb is an unclear source of illumination with a trivalist background of at least two years, the student population is formed mainly from school graduates, qualifications are not assigned to them;

Small 1.3. Structure of rich lighting

II level - a place of professional education, the student population is formed from graduates of the I level of education, as well as from graduates of SSNU and colleges, the last term of education is no less than 4 years; qualification (academic level) – bachelor, diploma of higher education;

Level III – implemented following basic professional lighting programs of two types:

master's degree – On the basis of bachelor's programs, a specialized training program is directly mastered, which includes compulsory scientific and (or) scientific and pedagogical activity, the normative term of completion is no less than 2 years , the graduate is awarded the qualification (academic level) “master” and appears advanced diploma;

specialist – the program includes disciplines of all cycles (blocks) of the DSZ VPO, as well as theoretical and practical preparation for the specialty and specialization, the normative term begins after completing a bachelor’s degree - at least one degree, the graduate is required to The qualification of a specialist is certified by a diploma of education.

Basic training programs for facists can be completed independently of bachelor's training. In this case, the standard terms of reference are established by the State Duma of Higher Professional Education for a specific phase, but not less than 5 years.

Mastering the lighting programs at VNZ will be ensured by consistent organization of the initial process. At this time of widespread expansion, universities have a block-modular structure of initial plans: in the First Rivne (1st and 2nd courses), the course of study mainly covers the disciplines of social-humanitarian and natural-mathematical cycles of the DGZ HPE, which wills to lay the foundation of illumination; Non-professional disciplines on the first level will become 10–15% of the professional education program. This approach saves a single open space, which opens up and protects the student: without any special expenses, you can move from one level to another, from one professional program to another. I hang between them.

The ability to make choices and change the lighting trajectory of the process to achieve greater illumination without interrupting it develops a sense of self-esteem, self-esteem, and accelerates socialization This future teacher will ensure emotional comfort for the students. Expanding the range of professional activities after graduation increases the social security of the graduate.

Professional training There is an appurtenance and a first aid for the construction of work intended for robotic professions. This preparation is not advanced to the general education level and can be considered both in general education courses and in other general education courses: interschool elementary education. bins, initial production workshops, initial workshops (workshops) etc. Great enterprises, such as VAT “Volzky Automobile Plant”, VAT “Gorkivsky Automobile Plant” and VAT “Zavolzky Motor Plant”, have in their warehouse primary centers that train students for work professions in its own viral base. So, at the initial center of VAT "GAZ" professional training is completed for about 20 thousand. troopers and servicemen.

Professional education of any level will ensure that people achieve a profession and a high-level qualification.

Pochatkova professional education will ensure the worker the opportunity to obtain the qualification of a robotic worker who can serve in all the main areas of suspenseful activity on the basis of basic outside lighting. Such education can be obtained from vocational and technical schools and other schools of a similar level. The difficulty of starting at vocational schools, lyceums is to become 2–3 years old and conveys the possibility of earning a career in the middle (repeated) professional world.

Secondary professional education The training is focused on the preparation of middle-class facilitators (technicians, economists, civil servants and others). Secondary professional education programs are implemented in secondary professional initial positions (average special initial positions).

The people's rule recognizes the great need among the Middle Lankan people for accountants, economists, programmers, legal experts, and cultural workers. Economic costs for training a technician are approximately 1.5–2 times lower than for training a bachelor or a well-qualified technician.

Vocational education We are planning to train and retrain facists of a high-level level, to meet the needs of deepened and expanded information on the basis of average (renewed) professional education. In Russia, long-term educational programs include bachelor's, master's, specialist's degrees and specialties of higher professional education.

Bachelor(lat. Baccalaureus) – Most countries have the first academic level, which graduates receive after completing Level II advanced education programs; in France - a person who paid for a high school course and denied the right to enter a university. In Russia, the qualification “bachelor” was issued in 1994. Based on the implementation of DOS VPO (Decree of the Order of the Russian Federation No. 940 dated September 12, 1994).

Master(lat. magisters) – another academic level, which is awarded to individuals who have completed a bachelor’s degree, who have completed a professional educational program (at least 2 degrees), which includes scientific research and (or) scientific and pedagogical activities, I stole my master's thesis. In Russia, the qualification “master” is protected by the same regulation as the “bachelor” (wonderful).

Fakhіvets – a qualification that is assigned to a university graduate who has mastered a basic professional program, successfully passed the undergraduate certification and received a diploma thesis (project).

The main periods of implementation of educational programs for major professional education (Fig. 1.4):

Preparatory – development of initial plans, selection of professorial and educational resources, preparation of initial methodological support, organization of student admission;

The main one is the effective organization of the initial process in accordance with the Standard Regulations for the general initial mortgage;

The final stage is the organization of pre-graduation practice, carrying out undergraduate certification, preparation and protection of final qualification work.

Small 1.4. The main periods of implementation of the high awareness program

Master's degree in Russia is the third level of professional education. The new regulatory term for mastering professional education programs after full-time education is 6 years. The structure of the powers allowed to a minimum change and the level of master's preparation was confirmed by the order of the State Higher Educational Institution of Russia No. 667 dated 04/15/1996. The main professional training program for a master's degree consists of bachelor's programs and specialized training programs.

Important advantages for a master's degree graduate include broad erudition, a fundamental scientific base, knowledge of current information technologies, methods of scientific research, readiness for scientific research and scientific-pedagogical activities. The final hour of specialized training for a master is 4536, including the year 2268 for scientific research work and the preparation of a master's thesis. Students have the opportunity to obtain the additional qualification of a “high school diploma”.

Order of the Ministry of World Affairs of Russia No. 686 dated 03/02/2000 approved the “Shift in the areas of training and specialties of higher professional education”, and bachelor’s and master’s training programs were assigned the same code and that name, as well as the code of the level (level) of professional education is consistent with OKSO and the name of the academic level ( Table 1.10).

Table 1.10

Example from “Transfer of training and specialties of high professional education”

The right to enroll in a master's program is granted to individuals who have successfully completed one of the higher education programs (bachelor or specialist).

The master's degree course is carried out with or without modification, in which case the other type is not allowed to shorten the time required to complete the graduate master's program. Mastering the master's program ends with the completion of the final work (master's thesis) and the formation of final examinations, including direct education.

VNZ is given the right to secure the results of final master's studies before graduate school. Master's degree students are allowed to complete the candidate's minimum. Individuals who have completed a plan for a master's professional program and have successfully completed a master's thesis are awarded the qualifying academic level of a master and a diploma of a sovereign diploma.

The graduate of the master's degree is a widely knowledgeable scientist with fundamental scientific training, who is familiar with the methodology of scientific creativity, modern information technologies, methods of capturing, processing and preserving scientific information, preparations before participation in the latest engineering, innovation and scientific research activities.

Specialist is a program of high professional education of the III level, covered by 5 rubles for full-time and 6 rubles for part-time courses with the qualification “Specialist”. Let me give a short description of a specialist who has graduated in specialty 080111 “Marketing”.

A marketer is a specialist whose main result is the stable functioning and development of an enterprise (organization) in a competitive environment based on the harmonization of the interests of residents and organizations (organizations). This includes analysis, coordination and regulation of the activities of all business structures to ensure changes in the current environment, monitoring the market, its conditions, consumption and dynamics where this clearly means the strategy of enterprise in the minds of competition, preparing proposals for the development of the product range, means pricing policy, selects channels for the distribution of officials that contribute to the sales of goods, forms a communication policy, takes part in the development of strategic and operational planning programs, and is effective there is marketing activity.

The activity of the marketer directly ensures the interaction of services of various organizational and legal forms with the method of effective activity in the market in compliance with the internal capabilities of the enterprise nature, Galuzev's specifics, technology, organization of production, effective environmental management.

The block of professional disciplines in the initial plan includes all fundamental economic, financial and legal disciplines. Disciplines of specialization include marketing management, marketing research, employee behavior, marketing communications, international marketing, marketing in foreign countries and areas of activity.

System of education for the University "Dubna"

The university graduates bachelors, specialists and masters in the following areas and specialties:

DIRECTLY	SPECIALTIES
“Informatics and computational technology”	“Automated systems for information processing and management” “Program for the security of computing technology for automated systems” [Curriculum plan]
"Linguistics"	“Linguistics and intercultural communication” [Curriculum]
"Management"	"Organization Management"
	“Non-traditional and innovative energy sources”
	"Applied Informatics (by area)"
“Design and technology of electronic devices”	“Design and technology of electronic devices” “Personal electronics”
"Psychology"	"Psychology"
	“Radiation is the safety of people and the unnecessarily common environment”
"Sociology"	“Sociology” [Curriculum]
	"Social robot"
"Ecology and nature conservation"	"Geoecology" "Ecology"
"Economy"	“Accounting, analysis and audit” [Curriculum plan] “Finance and credit” [Curriculum plan]
	"Jurisprudence"

The purpose of the university is to prepare fakhivts, who will adopt and implement in their future activities the ideas about the integrity of nature, the success of people, their interconnections and interdependence Yes. The University is preparing a variety of studies for the Moscow region, in order to gain a deep encyclopedic knowledge of the humanities and natural sciences from the advanced training specialty.

To formulate a daily systemic understanding of students, which is consistent with these phenomena, before the programs of all directions (specialties), the following courses are included at the university, such as “Fundamentals of daily natural science”, “Human biology”, “Entering ology", "Informatics". To speed up the adaptation of students to the needs of modern life, additional educational services (on a paid basis) in computer science (practical activities on a computer) and English language have been provided.

The university has several faculties, the basic unit being departments: graduate and elementary. This facilitates the organization of interdisciplinary courses and computerization of the process.

The university has installed a comprehensive high-lighting system that meets light standards. It provides both basic and special coverage.

The most important feature of basic training is that it is taught not in one specialty, but directly, which includes a number of related specialties.

The Bagatorian structure of general education is implemented in different ways in accordance with the current educational and professional programs of the three levels.

First rhubarb(zagalna vyshcha osvita) conveys basic fundamental natural science and humanitarian knowledge without elements of professionalization. The aim is to prepare those who begin before continuing education, leading to the achievement of academic levels and professional qualifications. The normative term for mastering the program is 2 rocks. After two fates, the student can also freely use English and a computer.

Another rhubarb is implemented by a program of basic knowledge, which transfers the fundamental, professionally oriented knowledge directly to the basic knowledge, which can become the basis for further training in third-tier programs of advanced education. The normative term for the mastered stage is 2 stages. Having taken away the basic knowledge, one is assigned the academic level “bachelor” and receives a diploma about one’s knowledge from assignments directly from the beginning.

Lighting and professional programs third level Directed towards the preparation of masters of science or graduate specialists with extensive knowledge, who are ready for independent creative professional activity.

The Master of Science program conveys the important pre-research nature of your current work. The term of its implementation is at least twofold. Upon completion, you will receive a diploma indicating that you have been awarded the academic level “Master of Science.”

Tim, who has completed the Certified Pharmacy Technician training program, will receive a diploma in pursuit of an accredited qualification in a designated specialty. The term for the implementation of such programs is at least one fate and lies under the qualification that is taken away by the fakhivets.

Individuals who have completed the third level educational and professional program may be eligible to enter graduate school. Born in 1996 The university has opened a postgraduate program in the following specialties: “Radiobiology”, “Ecological Geology”, “Economics and Management”, “Statement of Computational Technology, Mathematical Modeling and Mathematical Methods in Scientific Research” (behind the gimmicks of science)." In graduate school there are full-time and part-time forms of study.

In 1991, the Novosibirsk State Technical University was one of the first universities in Russia to switch to a comprehensive educational system. Nina is expanding into the new form of training. The advantages of such preparation are undeniable. Bagatory's preparation is to work on the system of learning the gnuchka, teaching students the possibility of choosing a goal and the nature of further learning at different stages. In addition, such a transition connects the entrance of the school to the light lighting system, since the rich lighting system is expanded in many parts of the world.

The essence of the comprehensive training system lies in the fact that the stage of training of bachelors, diploma specialists and masters is carried out. In this case, a student who wants to obtain a bachelor's qualification directly begins after four years and, after completion, becomes a holder of a bachelor's degree diploma (II level). After two years of studying at a bachelor's degree, a student can also obtain a diploma in a new field of education (I level).

Bachelor's graduates can either gain practical experience or take part in the competition in order to continue their studies and obtain third-level qualifications for master's programs or diploma training programs. . Master's preparation consists of two parts, conveys a significant individualized program that is aimed at students who demonstrate proficiency in scientific research and scientific-pedagogical work. Those who enter engineering positions begin 1 or 1.5 years in the graduate training program.

SUCHASNA SYSTEM OF INVENTORY IN RUSSIA

Priinyattya born 1992Federal Law "On Osvita" meant the beginning of reforms in the ancient world. This law has introduced new concepts:bachelor's degree, master's degree, advanced education system.

Without breaking the system that was formed, we saved and included both the new and the old, one-step system for preparing fakhivts, allowing you to decide for yourself which program graduates are being trained for.

On the one hand, this introduced new possibilities to universities and students, on the other hand, it introduced complexity associated with the need to choose a lighting system.

Federal Law “On the search for professional and post-university education”, 1996. means 3 levels (or steps) of great illumination in this order:

first step:

nepovna vyscha with the term navchannya 2 rocks,

other step:

basic education (bachelor's degree) with the term navchannya 4 rocks,

third stage:

“certified specialist” with the term of training 5 years (previously the old model) and “master” with the term of training 6 years (new model).

BACHELOR- in the current system of education, there is a graduate who has obtained a basic level of education (or, in the terminology of the national education standard - DERZH, education for this purpose directly).

It’s simpler to say this: a bachelor is a graduate of a university who has started at the university at just 4 years and has completed fundamental training without any university specialization; has the right to cover all plantings to which their qualifications are transferred to the presence of significant illumination (Clause 7 of Article 6 of the Law).

What about specialization? How can it be secured?

First of all, you can specialize in practice under the care of what has been proven in a particular university.

What is there to do if you spent your time after college in a place where there simply aren’t enough of them? (in many regions there is already a significant “hunger” for highly qualified accountants in law, commerce, management and other specialties). Of course, you can continue to chew the “gristy granite” science of self-fueling. Once you have given you proper fundamental basic training, you may be in trouble. Ale is not the best option.

It is more effective to work within the framework of the lighting system - on those of Bagatorinev. This is why there is another option for ensuring specialization - to continue studying in one of the third-tier programs. In this case, you can choose one of the upcoming stages of greater illumination.

DIPLOMATS FAHIVETS. If you want to achieve the qualification of a “diploma in teaching”, then you will need to pay 1 more ruble (for completing the program, actually starting “at your desk” requires 1 semester, then you will be able to complete your work on your own – diploma).

MASTER'S COURSE- the best path for a bachelor to the top of his qualifications. The beginning of it consists of two steps and ends with the final work – a master’s thesis and, apparently, awarded the master’s degree.

What does the diversity of possibilities provide to give advantage?

The skin itself can choose a special lighting trajectory arising from its important life situation (intellectual and financial capabilities, professional interests). When should I say that Choosing a bachelor's degree as a means of professional training has the following advantages:

This type of qualification (under the guise of “certified fakhivtsa” accepted for international classification and reasonable job sellers around the world).

The fundamental nature of preparation and basic “ignorance” allow, if necessary, to easily change profession. Exactly to the State Educational Standard, bachelor’s training programs from various directions are organized so that they allow everyone to move on to one of the entire “vian” of complex professions and programs of other higher education. for 2 – 2.5 rocks).

In just 4 days after joining, you can begin professional activities and achieve financial independence.

When changing profession, a graduate who receives a diploma from the qualification “fakhіvets” is deprived of a different position, and, according to the law, is no longer paid. A bachelor, entering a master's program in a different field, will continue his studies in a third-level program, then. cost-free (reasonably, since I passed the competition for a budget-funded place).

About the practice there. For a large number of workers, the overseas robot seller simply asks for bachelor's degrees, without any concern for direct training. Is this what irritates you? Tim for an hour, nyx in the Tsoma, for that, for the so -called Roboti, Yoma Trevybna is simply evoked by the people, the yak vmisyuvati, with people, the buildings of the gotuvati all the document I am simply not bad. People with a bachelor's degree are satisfied with all this.

Russia's lighting system. Bachelor, master, specialist - who is it?

Reforms in the civil society began in 1992. with praise for the Federal Law “On Lighting”. We have legitimized new concepts: bachelor's degree, master's degree, and rich system. Well, without tinkering with the system that was formed, I saved and included both the new and the old, one-step system for preparing fakhivts, instructing you to decide for yourself which program graduates are being trained for. This, which gave both universities and students new possibilities, introduced complexity into the process due to the need for choice. (Previously it was simpler - they chose from one).

Rivni (or, as it would seem, shablі) increased illumination of the values ​​we adopted in 1996. Federal Law "On the search for professional and post-graduate education." Apparently, illumination includes three stages:

first step: uneven thing with the term navchannya 2 rocks,

another level: basic education (bachelor's degree) with the term beginning 4 years,

the third stage - with it on the right there is a folding one: before it there is an extra model - “diploma fakhіvets” with the term of preparation of 5 years and a new one - “master” with the term of preparation of 6 years.

And now - a report about the bachelor - who is the winner. The current system requires a university graduate who has acquired a basic level of education (or, in the terminology of DERZH, education in this manner directly). To sound cunningly wise, but it means even simple speech - having rejected fundamental training without any university specialization - even starting just 4 years. So what should a graduate do? The proof is given by clause 7 of Art. 6 of what is known to the Law is to cover all those plantings, for which their qualifications convey the presence of significant illumination. What about specialization? Let's take a look, look for stars. First of all, you can specialize in practice under the care of what has been proven in a particular university. What is there to do if you spent your time after college in a place where there simply aren’t enough of them? (And so often in rich regions with legal professionals in the field of law, commerce, management and other specialties, there will be “hunger” for such things for a long time). In the worst case, continue to chew the “gristy granite” of science on your own - as long as you have given you the right fundamental basic training - we can go wrong. But, of course, it is better to work within the framework of the lighting system - on those won and bagatorinev.

In another way, continue learning together with the programs of the third level. Here you have a choice - if you wanted to qualify as a “diploma teacher”, then you will need to count 1 more rubles (for the sake of completing the program, actually starting “at the desk” takes 1 semester, then you will complete your own diploma - ). The shortest path for a bachelor to the top of his qualifications is a master's degree. The beginning of it consists of two steps and ends with the final work – a master’s thesis and, apparently, awarded the master’s degree.

What does this diversity of possibilities give us, why focus? This means choosing a special light trajectory. And here the advantages of choosing a bachelor’s degree are even more significant, such as the level of professional training:

This type of qualification (under the category of “certified fakhvian” accepted for international classification and reasonable job sellers around the world),

The fundamental nature of preparation and basic “ignorance” allow, if necessary, to easily change profession. Moreover, it is consistent with the DHS, bachelor’s training programs in various areas are designed so that they allow everyone to move up to one of the “vulnerable” professions. you will have the opportunity to pick up a new profession after studying another program in 2 - 2.5 years.

In any case, 4 days after joining, you can unveil your professional activity, then. achieve economical independence.

And also: when changing profession, a graduate who receives a diploma with a qualification, the “fakhіvets” itself is taken away friend's place, but there, according to the law, you have to pay for it in advance. A bachelor, entering a master's program in a different field, will continue his studies in a third-level program - that is. cost-free (reasonably, since I passed the competition for a budget-funded place).

I, in advance, about the march outside the cordon. For a large number of workers, the overseas robot seller simply asks for bachelor's degrees, without any concern for direct training. Paradox? - No, just for the sake of reference. For office work, you simply need a knowledgeable person who can work with information, with people, who can prepare all kinds of documents and is simply not bad. People with a bachelor's degree are satisfied with all this.

Bagatory's system of training facists to preserve the common light.

Erusalimsky Ya.M.

The bagatorian system of training facists, which appeared in Russia due to the need to bring the Russian system to a higher level of illumination from the background light, can be seen And how to save a single light space. For this purpose, it is necessary to continuously develop the Bachelor-Master system from one-hour day-to-day training of facists.

The Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of the Russian State University was the first in Russia in 1991 to begin the implementation of a rich system of high lighting. The eight-year report to our faculty showed that:

Graduates-bachelors are generally required and their preparation may be subject to increased initial deposits

Master's preparation can and should only be carried out at leading universities, which naturally leads to regional associations of partner universities, primary scientific activities of which may be So coordinated. For students (especially “strong”), this is significant for a sharp increase in academic mobility.

The level of preparation of master's degrees is more consistent with the results of graduates of any school, which produces graduates with the qualification of a specialist, which means the transition to a comprehensive training system Bachelor-Master" to ensure and advance the level of university academics, especially the "assistant corps".

At the same time, with the ubiquity of the nutritional preparation system, you should think about changing the approach to understanding lighting standard. These standards provide benefits to the maximum, and not to the minimum, which in most cases are not realized both in some universities due to the impersonality of standards and in others - through the protection of the standards laid down by them.

The increase in academic mobility of students prior to the transition to the master's level is accepted and the increase in direct preparation changes (for example, “mathematics” - “applied mathematics”, “theoretical physics” - “mathematics” etc.).

Consistently and everywhere the promotion of the food preparation system for fakivts (and this term should be replaced by rich lighting system) cannot be done without the attention of a colossal (same-level) system on the legislative level. The parallel founding of old and new systems of greater illumination has created a situation that is best described by the expression “Never twice, not repeat,” and may be applied to the main university areas of training.