See znoshuvannya obladnannya. Understanding the wear, the main view of the wear

With the functioning of the vibrational mechanisms, there are processes that involve step-by-step reduction of their working powers and changes in the characteristics of nodes and details. On the right, in the fact that after a certain period the stench can lead to a serious breakdown or a new tooth of possession. In order to avoid the negative consequences of the economic nature, businesses, as a rule, organize the process of competent management of fees and types of fees, as well as regularly upgrade their main funds.

I understand

Today, under wear and tear (old days), it is accepted to gradually reduce the operational power of the nodes, virobiv and virobnicheskikh mekhanizmiv after changing their differences, forms of physical and chemical features. Significantly, what the wear and see the wear and tear, which is the present day, are announced and accumulated in the process of exploitation. Іsnuє tsіla low factors, yakі signify the security of the old possession. So, in a negative rank, ring out, the following moments are signified:

Tertya.
Temperature regime (extreme - especially).
Periodic, impulses and static navantage of the mechanical injection is too thin.

It should be noted that practically everything can be brought together. For whom it is necessary to rely on such factors:

Constructive solutions.
Dotrimannya operating rules.
Vikoristannya yakіsnyh and modern mastilnyh materials.
Own scheduled and early repairs, technical maintenance.

In the wake of all types of deterioration of the main funds, the decrease in operational capacities is changing and the variability of the possession or the vibrational mechanisms is slowing down. It is important to add that the steps and the speed of wear are counted for the minds of the mind, the advantage, the characteristics of the materials. In addition, an important role is played by the constructive features of the possession.

Vidi wear

The classification of the payment for today is considered to be sufficient width. So, for a complete understanding, look at the information briefly, after which you get lost in the details. The old category is subdivided into actual depreciation, which is accompanied by a change in the object; functional wear, as a reminder of the development of new technologies; znіshnє znoshuvannya, obumovlené vplivom factorіv ovnіshny type. The first two types of depreciation of fixed assets are classified as conventional and non-separable. In addition, the first group grows up due to the reasons that the old possession called out, for the loss of the first family (accumulates as a result of operation at a normal pace) and the burden of another family (accumulates through accidents, natural disasters and other factors of a negative nature). As judged by the hour of the break, then in the same group it is accepted to see uninterrupted (technical and economic indicators are progressively reduced) and emergency (mitteviation by hour of delay, for example, as a result of a breakdown of the cable or accidents in the field) wear.

Another group, that this kind of wear of the main benefits, as a functional one, is classified as moral (the main reason for this type of change is the change in the characteristics of the products similar to this one, as well as the cheapening of their production) and the technological one (the key reason for entering the traditional cycle, data object, technological plan) depreciation. Natomist, morally old-fashioned, from vitrate articles, changing the structure of those that have been squandered, rebuilt on the old-fashioned, bribed with superfluous vitrates to capital; antiquity through borderline large windscreens in operation; old, zoomed in by low level of ergonomics and ecology.

It is important, that the call toll is no longer inseparable. Henceforth, let's move on to the analysis of the first sights of the wear and tear of possession, as a way to add sawing respect.

Behind the nature of the zovnіsh vplivіv

Fallow in view of the peculiarities of the zvnіshnіh vplivіv on the material of the possession, it is accepted to see such different old things:

Abrasive type of wear of objects. There is a need to go over the surface of the mechanisms and virob with small particles of materials of another installation. Particularly characteristic is this variety in the minds of the increased sawing of the vibrating mechanisms. For example, for an hour of work in the mountains, in everyday life, for an hour of gathering materials for military operations.
Cavitation, which calls out to the vibukhov splashing of bulbs with gas near a rare middle.
Adhesive type of physical wear.
Oksne old. Sounds out, sound, after chemical reactions.
Thermal wear.
View of the vtomny. Call the blame for changing the structure of the material.

Tipi depreciation and depreciation

We rose up, as if you could see the wear and tear of the house at once. Varto signify that the classification of various ancient species is progressively up to physical phenomena, that they call yoga, in the micro-world, in any case, supplement the systematization that is associated with macroscopic traces for economic life. So, in financial analytics, the accounting appearance of understanding the wear, which reflects the physical aspect of phenomena, is closely related to the economic term depreciation of possession. Under the amortization of the following, it is understood as a decrease in the co-varnosti of the production mechanisms in the world of old, and so is the introduction of a part of this reduction in the var- tity of the product that is released. The main method here is the accumulation of koshtіv on special depreciation jackets for the purchase of a new possession of a virobnic value or a private improvement of the old one.

Physical withdrawal

You can see the fallow depreciation due to reasons and nasledkiv are subdivided into economical, functional and physical. At the time of the rest there is a loss of design characteristics and power of the individual in the process of exploitation. Such a waste can be private or new. At the first stage, the virobnichii mechanisms are used to renovate, repair, which turn the primary features of the virobiv. With the full payment of the assessment, the assessment of the status of the state will be charged off. Krim static classification, physical contribution to the family:

First row: selection mechanisms are used in the process of planned zastosuvannya s dotrimannym usikh normatives and rules, as established by the selectionist.
Another variant: changing the parameters of the installation through improper operation and the injection of officials in non-selective force.
Emergency wear: the attachment of the change of the object's features to bring before the emergency exit yoga z fret, which trapleyaetsya raptovo. At the link, what could be a catastrophe for the enterprise, for example.

It is necessary to add that the listing of the stasis is not only to the point of having a tan, but also to the okremikh yogo warehouses (vuzlіv, details).

Functional wear

It is important to know that the old is functional to the process of moral deterioration of the main funds. Mova go about the appearance on the market of the same type, the protein is more economical, productive and safe in vicarious possession. Virobnichiy versat at the physical plan can be comparable. Vіn releases products, proteins of new technologies or modern models, which are periodically introduced to the market, to rob zasosuvannya old objects invisible in the economic key. It is necessary for mothers in the country, so that functional wear can be classified:

Chastkove antiquity: versat є invisible for the completed production cycle, proteocile adjunct for the implementation of the obezzhenoї kolkostі operations.
It looks old: whether it be a stasis of the verst to bring up the beats to the bottom. In such a time, one person has the right to dismantle and decommission.

Vіdoma is also classified according to the factors, which called for a functional depreciation:

Moral depreciation (today we see three types of moral depreciation depending on the reasons that were called out, looked at the front sections) conveys the availability of identical, more advanced, contemporary models to the technological plan.
Technological withdrawal transfers the distribution of other technologies for the release of a similar product. It is important to add that it is necessary to change the entire technological lance for the mind of a new or partial renovation of the warehouse of the main assets.

Significantly, due to the introduction of new technology, the warehouse is set up, sound, shorten, and labor intensity falls.

Economic contribution

Crimia of time, physical and natural factors, on the conservation of cob powers of possession in the middle rank, they add such factors of an economic nature:

I will drink on commodity products.
The process of inflation. The prices for labor resources, the syrovin and the completing possession, which are victorious for the production purposes, grow, there is no proportional increase in the prices for the final product.
Price pressure from the side of competitors.
Price fluctuations on the syrovine market are not related to inflation.
Increasing varsity of services of a credit nature, which are awarded for operational work or as a method of updating fixed assets.
Obmezhennya from the side of legislation, which stosuyutsya zastosuvannya obladnannya, as if not in compliance with the standards of how to protect the insane middle ground.

Cause wear and tear

Slid razumіti, scho you see the reason for the wear of the details of the pov'yazanі between themselves. Let's take a look at the main causes, as well as ways to determine the wear and tear of the possession, the virological mechanisms and virobiv. It is necessary to consider that in order to reveal the reasons, that stage of antiquity on skin care is formed that pratsyuє commission from the funds of the main zasobіv. Today, the wear and tear of virobnicheskih mekhanizmіv is determined by one of the following methods:

For help guarding, how to enter a visual look, as well as a complex of testing and vimiryuvan.
Over the period of operation. Varto vrakhovuvati, scho vіn rozrakhovuєtsya as an extension of the term to the fact to the normative. The value of this payment is the amount of wear in vіdsotkah.
Through an enlarged assessment, I will become a generic object, which is built up for the help of special scales and metrics.
With the help of a direct facilitator of the financial option. In this case, the varity of a new analogous unit of OS and cost of repairs is made, due to the renovation of the old one.
For the help of the surplus of a distant zastosuvannya. There is an estimate of a decrease in income, vrakhovuuchi at its actual expense, connected with the confirmation of evidence, theoretically against income.

It is necessary to add, what is the residual choice, what can be brought to the singing method, to raise a commission for the coins of the main fund. Whom won’t be required to have regulatory documentation, and to make the availability of weekend statements.

Contribute to the appearance of wear and tear

Dali dotsilno move on to the final aspect of laying the wide ones, like wearing out the vibrational mechanisms, possessing, virobiv and the other warehouses. Depreciation winding, as if calling for compensation for the processes of old possession, in this hour can also be used for the help of a number of methods:

Proportional chi linear rozrahunok.
Changed overflow method.
Rozrahunok, vykonaniya vіdpovіdno up to the term virobnichesky vikoristannya.
Rosrahunok, zdijsneniya zgіdno z obyagogom released to the product.

It is important to know that the choice of a specific technique is implemented for the formation of a deep reorganization of the structure. Vіn obov'yazkovo zryplyuєtsya in the public policy of business. Explitziy Vobrobniki mechanisms, the funeral of the rose -shed Vobrovs of the Viddov is to the regulatory of the rules of the normative documents, and this is the same as they have been inhabited, so the organized by the saber of the saber. Through the war, the structures can bring joy without fail to their supporters of their commodities at reasonable prices.

Visnovok

Otzhe, we looked to do a wide range of classification of the category vitrates, її zmіst and main features. Krіm tsgogo, rasіbrali causes znoshuvannya and methods of yogo assessment, as well as appearance. As it turned out, oblіkovih methods to finish richly, and all the stench in principle vіrіznyayutsya, toil their own advantages and nedolіki. At the end of the war, add that today on the territory of the Russian Federation the development of a real economy is becoming one of the most important tasks. Prote virishuvati її be brought to a difficult hour. The cost of the industrial property today is 78%, and the cost of the cash costs is even more expensive. To this very fact, the state structures have been strengthened to work on the waste of resources, building support and further modernization of the industrial gallery in the country.

The tires of the car are the only element of the transport system, which makes it possible to get out of the road. Often, car owners forget about those that gum is the most important element of a car, which impinges on. But if the gum is worn out, the skin is watered from the cross of mind, that the time has come to spend pennies to buy new tires. . Even if you wear a gumi, you can show up on possible malfunctions of the car. At this time, replacing gumi with a new one can not help. For example, in case of certain types of breakdowns, your new gumma can be worn out in a short term. Let's take a look at ten ourselves for yak, as a whole it is possible to identify the reason for this depreciation, z'yasuvavshi as a result of the technical standard of the transport problem.

1. Wearing gumi tread in the center (in the middle)

How do you see it: With this view, as a rule, the strongest relationship is the tread in the middle of the tire (butt in the photo).

Cause: As the tire wears the most in the center of the wheel, it is worth talking about those that the central part of the tread is the smallest in contact with the road surface, aligned with the tread closer to the edge of the gumi. As a result, the car, on which the guma was installed, is not enough fastened to the road surfaces. Obviously, the traction of the car was insufficient.

It is more appropriate to talk about those that the tire was inflated incorrectly. That vice on the tire does not match that vice, which is recommended by the car manufacturer. This type of wear can be said about those who did not change the pressure of the car and during sudden temperature changes on the streets, if the pressure on the tires can change.

On the right, as long as the tires are cold (for example, after a frosty night), the pressure on the tires can be lower, we recommend a lower tire. Ale, after a cob of ruhu, the pressure on the tires begins to grow as the heat rises again in the night. As a result, after the tire has been successfully passed, the pressure on the tires can exceed the maximum allowable rate recommended by the automaker. As a result, it is pumped unevenly adhering to the road surface, as a result of which uneven tire wear in the center of the tread will be guarded.

Deyakі avtolyubiteleі often radyat for the improvement of kerovanostі and lowering the cost of fire, navpaki, re-pumping the wheels. Alece is untrue. So, in such a way, you can reduce the tread life and improve the keratinization, and as a result, you will pay for a high tread wear.

Tobto having spared a trio of pennies for fire, you will pay more richly.

2. Grizha tires (stained) and cracks on the wheel wall

How do you see it: Cracks and swelling on the tire wall.

Cause: Tse sound like a blow about a viboina (pit) on the road, the curb is thin. Sound the tire is well protected from such shocks. However, if the tire has insufficient pressure or is pumped over, then as a result of the impact, there is a big problem that the tire will be damaged. Great cracks on the sidewall of the tire, like a wheel rim going through, to talk about those who have been exploited for three times with insufficient pressure. Small cracks on the surface of the rubber can be said about bad weather or about the age of the gum (through the old age the gum warehouse begins a chemical breakdown, after which the tire begins to crack).

The ridge of the tire looks like a bulge on the surface of the gum. Most of the vipinanya (grizha) is found on the side of the tire. Grizha gumi pov'azana z vnutrishnіm ushkodzhennyam (ball gumi). Sounds like a bang with a hit of the beaten part on the curb, stovp thinly. Most of the time, after a blow, the hive (vipinanny) of the wheel does not appear at once. So, after a blow, you can treat a hernia less in a day or in a month.

If you remember the cracks on the tires or the gripes, then it is necessary to buy new tires.

Remember that it’s not safe to win the gum with a hernia.

3. Vmyatini in gumi

How do you see it: It looks like a photograph, with trivial guards of gum and dents. Tobto, the tire has the shape of humpbacks and dents.

Cause: This type of tires is known as a cover-up (removal or damage to the undercarriage of the car). Through the inadequacy of the suspension, the help of the blows on the bush is deficient. As a result, the tire recognizes the reversal of impacts, taking on the maximum advantage. Ale vantage rozpodіlyaєtsya unevenly on the entire surface of the tread. As a result, the areas of the tread will take more traction, lower, which will spray the dents and bumps on the tires.

Most of all, it looks like the same old-looking tires of coverings with filthy shock absorbers. Wanting to varto indicate that, whether or not parts of the pidviska, which went out of harmony, could become the reason for such a rant.

We are glad to see you at the time of showing similar tire deformations, working on the same suspension and parking of the car in the technical center. It is not recommended to deal with a similar problem for a tire fitting, tobto. with the method to determine the reason for changing the form of the number. It is not rare, if the practitioners of tire fitting do not know what can cause the appearance of irregularities (dents, bumps) on the surface of the tread.

In most cases, practitioners of tire fitting insist and respect that this is the reason for the incorrect alignment of the collapse. Ale is not a fact. As we have already said, this reason may be due to the output of the shock absorber fret (iv).

4. Diagonal dent with signs of tread wear

How do you see it: Diagonal dent on the surface of the tread with an uneven wear step on the surface of the tire.

Cause: The most common problem is on the rear wheels, where the alignment is incorrect. So, the deformation of the wheel itself can be caused by an insufficient wrapping interval, and sometimes it is similar to the change of the old-looking tire, but it can be caused by the frequent transportation of important things in the trunk or in the passenger compartment of the car.

Heavy vantage can change the geometry of the suspension, which will lead to diagonal deformation of the gumi tread surface.

5. Zaive tread wear at the edges

How do you see it: The inner and outer tread can wear out if the middle of the tread is worn significantly less.

Cause: Tse virna sign of lack. This vice does not comply with the norms recommended by the car's vibrator. Remember that this is the most secure camp of a tire. On the right, in the fact that, with a changed vice in the tire, she is shy to a greater bend. According to the laws of physics, it means that when the wheel is wrapped, the tire accumulates more heat. As a result, the gum will not evenly lie down to the road surface and, obviously, we will take the gumi unevenly.

So the very lack of pressure on the tires was brought up to the point where the gum would not be enough to help mitigate the blow on the road, which, of course, without any intermediary influx on the pіdvіska. In the meantime, your zhorstky splash on the pіdvіska can bring you to the її before the hour out of tune, and also vplinut on the skhіd-rozval.

How to overcome the problem of not inflating (lack of grip) tires: We turn again to the point that the leather water is regularly guilty of turning the pressure again in the wheels, so that the skin breaks once after a sharp temperature drop on the street. Also, remember that the wheels (when stationary at night) may show a lower pressure, lower is recommended by the car's specifier. Ale, with a three-way trip, through heating, repeated pressing can exceed the norm.

On the right, in that the system, as a rule, is ahead of you about changing the vice in the wheel, or with a sharp coliving vice (for example, a sharp drop in the vice in the tire is 25 more feet lower), or with a lowered vice for a long time.

In other words, the system of advancement about the pressure on the wheels can only be done if the pressure on the tires is smaller, lower is necessary. Tse means that you risk a long time to travel on wheels from an insufficient pressure of wind.

6. Side tread wear

How do you see it: The white blocks of the tread sound similar to the feathers of the birds that may. The lower edges of the tread blocks are rounded, if there are more high edges of the tread blocks. Show respect that you cannot remember this kind of wear visually. You can only understand when looking at the tread from the edge and at the dot, tobto. for the help of hands.

Cause: With any apparent wear of the tread, in the first turn, turn the ball joints and the wheel bearing.

It is also necessary to overturn the stabilizer bushing, as at different times it can lead to incorrect operation of the suspension stabilizer, which, as a result, leads to the same type of wear of the rubber tread.

7. Flat stripes

How do you see it: One flame on the wheel can wear more, less more.

Cause: Single flashes of increased wear on the surface of the tire are often worn when there is a sharp galvanization, or skidding, or when virulyuvanni from the situation in order to escape the blow (for example, as if the axle was not on the road, or another creature). Particularly similar wear will be seen after a sharp galvanization with one-hour drifts, as in a car during the day.

On the right, in the fact that with a sharp galvanization and virulyuvannya, in order to get hit by a car without ABS, it is more weak before being covered with blocked wheels, which will lead to approximately this type of worn patches on the tire tread.

Likewise, similar patches can appear in cars, as if they were parked for a long time.

Remember that when the car is stopped for a long time, you will see the tires, that on the tires of your car there will be wear and tear through the uneven rozpodіl vаgi of the car on the same. On the right, in the fact that under the hour of parking, the gum protector sticks to the surface in a total grip and as a result, in the wake of the parking lot, the gum litter is deformed.

8. Wear of the leading edge of the tread

How do you see it: The front edge of the tread block is worn, and the rear part of the tread is badly damaged. We appreciate your respect, that this type of wear may not be visible with a visual inspection. To that, turn the protector from the edge with your hand. If you remember that the cuts of the tread are bigger (like teeth on hacksaws) in the povnyann with the lower edges of the tread, if they are more smooth, then it’s really more worn, and not the norm, as it sounds to allow rich water.

Cause: The price of the widest tire wear. Oskіlki tsey kind of tire wear zustrichaєtsya more often and many car owners think that this is the norm, then it is not so. In fact, this depreciation indicates those that the wheel may lack wrapping. That's why it's necessary.

Most often, the reason is due to the wear of the bearing elements (saline blocks), to the wear of the pedestal supports, and also through the wear of the hub bearing.

9. Unilateral tire wear

How do you see it: One b_k of the tire of relations is greater, the lower is smaller.

Cause: Call for any kind of wear and tear, the cause may be incorrectly similar to the breakdown of the car. This kind of uneven wear of the tread of rubber bands, which does not stand evenly on the road surface through the wrong collapse.

In order to set the wheel in alignment with the road surface, it is necessary to adjust the wheel alignment.

So the very same wear can be worn out with loose springs, bucket hinges, bushings. In addition, one-sided uneven wear of the tread can occur when transporting important vehicles on cars.

In addition, some models of tight sports cars may have a special collapse, which can lead to a similar uneven wear of tires. Ale tse rіdkіst.

10. Tire wear to the indicator

How do you see it: A lot of tires with a tread may be an indicator of wear. As a rule, there are special inserts that can help you if you need to change the tires to new ones. Sound the height of these inserts lower, lower the height of the tread. The tire tread is adjusted according to the height with wear indicators, it is necessary to come.

Cause: Sound the gum replacement is due, since the height of the tread has become lower, we recommend a tire maker. It’s easy to see the eye on the eye. Therefore, a lot of companies install tire fittings on tires (with a tread) and wear indicators. As soon as the height of the tread wears down to its height, as the indicators may be, the hour has come to change the wheels to new ones.

A gum tread with a singing depth is necessary for bringing water into the tires and preventing the car from aquaplaning on a wet road.

If your tires do not have a wear indicator, then you can independently measure the tread depth, in order to understand, the hour has come to bathe a new gum. For whom it is necessary to speed up with a coin, as it is necessary to insert an edge into the tread and freeze for additional help. You can read the report about the traditional tire wear here or take a look at the infographics we have given.

Respect! For summer tires, the minimum tread depth can be no less than 1.6, 2 or 3 mm (fallow from gumi picker).

For winter gumi, the height of the tread is minimally safe, but not less than 4-6 mm.

Physical wear is a natural process of improving the characteristics of possession during the first hour of operation under the influence of rich factors, such as: rubbing, corrosion, old materials, vibration, fluctuations in temperature and moisture, and the level of service and other. Increasing physical wear to bring about an increase in the number of emergency conditions and to a decrease in the characteristics of the products, which is released for the help of this possession, which leads to a change in the superfluous term of service in the details of the whole work.

The following types of physical wear are divided:

mechanical wear, the result of some decrease in accuracy (reduction in parallelism and cylindricity);
abrasive wear - appearance of cracks and scuffs on surfaces that happen;
zminannya, scho vіdhilennya vіd flatness;
vtomny wear, which led to the appearance of cracks, the evil of details;
zaїdannya, as it manifests itself in sticking to the surface, which happens;
corrosive wear, which is manifested in the oxidized surface that is worn.

Through, scho vyklikala demolition, physical demolition is of the first and another kind.

Physical wear of the first kind depreciation is called, which has accumulated as a result of normal operation.

Physical wear of another kind wear and tear is called, which is blamed on the back of spontaneous hardship, accidents, disruption of operational standards, too.

After an hour of interruption, there are uninterrupted and emergency charges.

Uninterrupted wear is called step by step reduction of technical and economic indicators of the object for the mind of the correct, but also the last operation. One of the types of uninterrupted wear is the mechanical wear of nodes and parts, which are poured into the main parts of machines and mechanisms.

Accidental depreciation due to obvious reasons for pardons to personnel, sharp cuts in the tension of life, inconsistency between the necessary and evident stained glass materials.

Let's tie down it is called wear and tear, as if it does not impinge on the technical parameters of the possession, but it increases the efficiency of emergency wear.

Behind the step, that character is widened, there are global and local views of wear and tear.

Global demolition is called a demolition, which is spread over the entire object as a scam.

Local wear the depreciation is called, which opposes the various parts of the object and the various parts of the object.

For the technical support and economic dotsilnistyu, the introduction of the former powers that be, the physical wear is commendable and inexhaustible.

Usunuty due- wear, the adoption of which is physically possible and economically viable, tobto. depreciation, which allows repair and renewal of the object from the technical point of view and the truth from the point of view of the economy.

Non-recurring withdrawal, then. depreciation, which is impossible to use through the design features of the object, or underestimate the cost of economical heating, shards of damage to the usunennia (repair of the property or replacement of parts or components) to outweigh the increase in the growth of the water supply object.

Behind the form, show physical weariness, become technical and constructive.

Technical depreciation It is called the reduction of the actual values of the technical and economic parameters of the object against the normative, passport data.

Constructive is called wear, under some kind of understanding, the downgrading of the authorities of the western pokrittivs.

The second manifestation of the cost is the increase in costs for the preparation of products, parts of materials, energy, and costs for maintenance and repairs, significantly exceed the average cost of costs for a similar new installation. In addition to the increase in physical wear, there is no increase in vitrate, and vitrate is overfilled below the average level. A similar situation can be indicative of the need for a repair and an increase in the amount of debt.

The value of the physical depreciation of the object in the process of exploitation to fall due to various factors:

the level of interest of the object, the trivality of work, the intensity of victories;
the quality of the object - the thoroughness of the design, the quality of the materials is thin;
peculiarities of the technological process, the stage of the defense of the object from the outer environment;
minds of exploitation - the visibility of the saw and the abrasive mud, the increased water content;
as a sight;
qualifications of service personnel.

As a result of physical wear and tear, the productivity of machines and equipment decreases. This is called out to us in front of more downtime, calls for repairs and maintenance, which change the cost of the working hour. In addition, the wear of the machine from the current moment begins to appear on a number of technical parameters, which also reduces vibration. For example, in metalorizal possession, the accuracy of the processing decreases, as a result, the need for frequent re-verification and re-feeding increases the number of defective products. According to statistics, productivity drops to 25% for 10 years of operation.

The amount of physical depreciation should be calculated according to the term of the service and resource. The term of service is reduced by the calendar trivality of the operation of machines that is possessed to the present border state, and the resource is directed. p align="justify"> For different types of equipment, the normative terms of the service are inserted. However, the real terms of the service of machines vary greatly, as it was intended more, through the influx of rich factors: the intensity and mode of operation, the visibility of peak demands, the quality and frequency of technical maintenance and repairs, I will become the most common medium.

Settlement with a depreciation of up to 5% can mentally be buried to a new one, because this machine has no visible defects and practically no technical parameters have been changed. In the course of time, the technical parameters begin to deteriorate slightly, visible defects accumulate, and they become cheap. Gradually, the rate of change of the vartosity of the property falls, it is added for further operation, but it will require repair, or replace the short-lived elements already at this stage of operation. Such a position is taken to do it for a long time, but, starting from some moment, some details and knots start to go out of tune, the technical parameters of the possession are sharply reduced, they start to be sharply cheap.

When moving to the stage of boundary wear, it is not possible to build a low function and at some point, you can get out of tune. At the normative and technical documentation of the skin type of machines and the installation, the criterion of the boundary state is indicated. A characteristic feature of this stage is the economic underdevelopment of the repair at the time of the exit from the fret. Tsya stage during the day in a number of virobiv, for example, a nuclear reactor is dismantled, not leading to the border camp.

Pratsezdatny camp be-like, navіt like an old car, you can be sure, that such cars can be operated significantly longer than the term of their economic life, replacing the details that go out of tune, and new ones.

At some point in time, the machine breaks down and can no longer overcome its functions, and its varity drops sharply to the same level - utilization vartost.

The process of development of physical wear proceeds unevenly and the property’s quality decreases unevenly.

Technological methods for determining physical wear are based on an overview of the objects of assessment, testing in different modes of operation, vimiryuvannі parametrіv and characteristics, estimating the real wear of the most important nodes, and estimating the zvnіsnіh and internal defects of the commodity. With direct debit, there are various tests of various technical parameters, which can be controlled as all significant parameters of the virobi's functioning, and only the main ones. Наприклад, при випробуваннях верстатів вимірюються такі параметри, як мінімальна та максимальна швидкість оборотів шпинделя, максимальна потужність, витрата електроенергії, сила вібрації різних вузлів при різних ступенях завантаження, електричний опір силових кабелів, а також вимірюються всі параметри виготовленого на даному верстаті тестового виробу.

Moscow, "Russian Assessment", Editor V.P. Antonov

Tendencies to znoshuvannya domineering to a variety of types of myna, yakі vrakhovuyutsya company, zokrema and fixed assets. About those who can see the loss of the main benefits and how to determine it, the publication will mention.

Understand that you see the withdrawal of the main virobnicheskih funds (OPF)

OPF - activation, insurance for the operation of the workers for a long time (more than the 1st day) and they spend in the process of work.

It is accepted to pay the expense of the step-by-step expense of the object of living things and, apparently, yogo vartosti. Vіdbuvaєtsya wine in a different way. The deyakі ob'єkti are worn out because of the old age and decrepitude of warehouse materials, mechanical wear and tear, including metal and other manufacturing processes, natural phenomena and other factors, and others - through the expenditure of additional resources and a decrease in the economy. And the shards swear by fondies for various reasons, then they classify the same phenomenon as they are.

Vykhodyachi z listing criteria, before seeing the deduction of fixed assets, physical and moral deductions are considered.

Moral defamation of fixed assets

Moral wear of the OS is reflected in the meaning of the OS, as a result of the appearance of technical innovations, sometimes back to the end of the SPI. Razrіznyayut moral depreciation of the 1st and 2nd order.

Up to the 1st to lay a down payment, calling for the improvement of the productivity of the workrooms, as if they were vibrating the OF. This process is to lead to cheaper objects that are being released, to increase the already promoted competitiveness by lowering the price.

The moral deterioration of the main assets of the 2nd order is due to the creation of the most economically efficient fixed assets, the emergence of new objects, which will ensure the increase in the productivity of the industry.

Morally znoshuvannya mozhe buti chastkovym or povnim. Chastkovy vyznaєtsya vyznaєsya, scho є vtratoy vtratoj varostі varostі ob'єkta. Depending on the specifics of the disease, it is possible to defeat the private moral disrepute of the object with a path of victorious yoga in other operations, the effectiveness will be greater.

Povnim moral znoshuvanni vvazhєtsya vznetsіnnya ob'єkta. In times of yoga, victories are becoming beaten.

Physical withdrawal of fixed assets

The physical depreciation of the fixed assets means the waste of the savings. Separate productive and unproductive wear. Productive is characterized by waste of vartost, which is the result of exploitation, unproductive wear is a permanent attribute of objects, which is conservation, for various reasons, such as the impossibility of vikoristannya, natural oldness is thin.

Physical deduction may be more frequent. With the complete object of the OS, they are replaced by new assets, the shards of the terms of the service are over and the OS variability has been transferred to the price of the products that are being released. With a butt, you can butt kapbudivnitstvo, if the sporudzheniya budinok replaces the wear. Chastkove physical wear transferring the possibility of further work of the object, carrying out repair work, reconstruction, as a matter of fact, or the improvement of the estimated work for the purpose of depreciation of the object and the installation of the possibility of real operation.

Methods of rozrahunka

The level of physical wear of the main assets is due to such factors, as the intensity and trivality of exploitation, characteristic of the design of the OS and the furnishing of the work. Let's take a look at the methods of rozrahunka to the exclusion of budіvel, shards of stink most often mean professional assessment.

The special literature describes 5 methods for the development of the physical condition of the life according to the assessment. Tse methods:

vitrate compensation;
chronological vіku;
effective vіku;
expert;
breakdowns.

Let's take a look at the features of the skin.

Compensation vitrate polygaє at equalization of the value of wear to vitrate on yogo usunennya, which is a miraculous amount of wear. In a short way, the laboriousness of the rozrakhunkivs, especially the great buds, is taken into account.
With the method of chronological rozrahunka, the formula is:
І fіz \u003d V x / V ss x 100, de V x - vіk of the object for the fact, V ss - the term of the wake-up service for the standard.

Zrobimo rozrahunok of the physical wear of life, butt:

Significantly, the service life, which served 750 months for the normative term of service of 1200 months.

І physical \u003d 750/1200 x 100 \u003d 62.5%

The usefulness of the method is the simplicity of rozrahunka, but not vrakhovuє remontіv i zamіn, scho vydbuvalsya long-term exploitation, scho often used in practice. Therefore, this method is effective for rozrahunka demolition in the first years of the functioning of the OS;
Rozrahunok by the method of effective vіku maє 3 variations:
І fіz \u003d V e / V ss x 100%, de de V e - the effective life of the object, so that the expert evaluates the life at a glance.

І physical \u003d (V ss - V ost) / V ss x 100%

І fіz \u003d (1 - V ost / V ss) x 100%, de V ost - the term of exploitation of life, which is over.

Substituting the formula for the data of the front butt and adding the expert's assessment of 720 m.s., we take the value:

І physical \u003d 720/1200 x 100 \u003d 60%

І physical \u003d (1200 - 450) / 1200 x 100 \u003d 62.5%

І physical \u003d (1 - 450/1200) x 100 \u003d 62.5%

The shortcomings of the method are the impossibility of a powerful obstruction of an effective life. There is a great abduction of rozrakhunkiv (it can be seen from the first formula).
The basis of the expert method is based on the scale of assessments for the establishment of tolls, which is proponated in the "Rules for assessing the physical toll of living quarters" VSN 53-86r. The value of yogo is determined by the outermost elements of the mind. This method of victorious svіvrobіtniki BTI pіd h issuance of registration certificates. The fee is charged according to the following formula:
І fіz \u003d ∑ (І to x HC k) x 100%, de І k - the value of the wear of the main element in the life, is covered by the rules of VSN 53-86r, HC to - the pet of the main element in the life.

The purpose of the NPA is to reportly describe the expert methodology, although we know only the principle of rozrahunka. The expert method is most often zastosovuvannym.
The splitting method promotes the establishment of a physical charge by the sum of the sums of the charge for the last groups, which is expressed in:
- Vipravne depreciation (vіdkladeny repair);
- Incorrect wear of short-lived (that is, they are repeatedly replaced during operation) elements;
- Irregular depreciation of long-lived (removal of which is less possible during the overhaul of future) elements.

All the details in the process of exploitation use their primary characteristics. The reason for this is wear and tear - the process of changing spare parts, as a result of such a mechanism, exercising a lot of power.

Visual signs of wear: changing the size and structure of the surface of details.

See the wear of details

Changing the characteristics of spare parts is a process that is the result of their interaction and change. Part of the change is due to the normal operation of the mechanisms. Such changes are called natural and are laid down when the node is launched.

2 types of non-natural wear parts:

NORMAL

As a result of improper operation, damage to installation. To lead up to the step-by-step steps of the technique and the improvement of the technical state of the object.

EMERGENCY

In the world, the growing numerical value of the normal wear and tear of objects and mechanisms become almost unacceptable.

Chinniks, what to pour on the tempi snoshuvannya:

Mechanism design
Accuracy and purity of processing
Mindfulness of the material specific details that stick with it
Yakist oil
Wash the operation of the node (regularity, nature of the vanishing, temperature regime, pressure)
Regular maintenance

Cause we're crying out for details

All causes can be combined in 3 groups:

Physical / mechanical

In the wake of the high vanity, that infusion of strength wasted some details about other things. Dotichni spare parts are erased and on their surfaces there are cracks, fraying, shortness.

Thermal / molecular-mechanical

The splendidly practical details show the overheating due to the great swiss and petty pressure. Through a sharp rise in temperature, the accumulation of molecular bonds in the particles of the middle metal is driven away. Parts warp and melt.

Chemical/corrosive

Beware on the surface of metal parts as traces of water, again, chemical speeches. Corrosion processes and metal roses are being observed. In order to be unique, it is recommended to win.

Varto understand that the cause of the wear and tear of parts breakdowns is not one single factor, but a sprat of mutualists.

How to change the details?

Basic methods for updating details:

Restoration by mechanical and slyusarny work

Suitable for parts with flat surfaces that stick. The ground is polished (sanded, grinded thin) and translated at the onset of expansion. The mechanical processing should be stopped as a final stage of other methods.

Updating zvaryuvannyam and surfacing

The path of surfacing of metal metals reinforces the difference in details.

Reinvention of metal details

The size of the worn parts is based on the applied molten metal with a thin (0.03 mm diameter) and thick (over 10 mm) ball.

Galvanic surfacing (chrome plating)

Applying to chrome with a thin ball (up to 1 mm) ensures resistance to mechanical abrasion. The method is similar to metalization, but less universal. Updated details are bad to endure dynamic pressure.

Zmіtsnennya and gluing with plastic

Plastics allow you to take care of the tight knots, as well as wear parts. Metal and non-metal parts are applied to the front of the previous methods of reinforcing with plastic. Vartist repair with plastics is significantly lower. For the help of modern materials for casting, it is possible to create a folding detail and non-standard geometry.