Damage to the barrier function of biological membranes. Budov and functions of the nucleus
PORI
In the rest of the hour, great successes have been achieved at the appointed future feast on the molecular level. The method of reconstruction of the image was especially valuable in the past; With this help, it was possible to visualize the opening in the membrane, created by great pores, and to reveal the symmetrical organization of subunits near the central opening (Table 2).
Table 2. Pseudosymmetry of the song hour.
An important vine from the b-spiral family is porini, shards of stench form pores of s-balls, and not for the help of b-spirals. Pori can be established for the help of endot of exogenous speeches.
NUCLEAR POROUS COMPLEXES
The nuclear membrane of the clitin savtsiv is 3-4 thousand pir (approximately 10 pir per 1 square micron). Through the nuclear pore, there is an exchange of speech between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Apparently, RNA synthesized in the nucleus, as well as ribosomal subunit proteins, which avenge nuclear export signals, are transported through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm, and histones, components of the replicative system, many other proteins are imported through nuclear pores from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The pores are sharpened with large calciferous structures, called pore complexes (their internal diameter becomes approximately 80 nm, and the molecular weight is 50-100 million. The skin is a complex of solutions with a set of large protein granules, grouped into an octagonal structure. The pore complex penetrates the underlying membrane, linking along the circumference of the pore, the lipid bilayer of the inner and outer membranes is in one cell. The hole in the center of the skin complex (nuclear pore) is a water channel; Large nuclear proteins interact with protein receptors, spreading between nuclear pir, and ci receptors to actively transfer proteins to the nucleus, increasing the pore channel.
The number of nuclear pyrolytic deposits depends on the type of clitin, the stage of the clitin cycle, and the specific hormonal situation. Nuclear pores are characterized by symmetry of the eighth order, so many proteins of nuclear pores are presented in її warehouses in a number that is a multiple of eight. The electron microscopy shows swelling of the ring. The ring, which is located on the nuclear side, carries the structure, as it is called a basket. This light is formed from the fibrils that have been formed in the nucleoplasm and the terminal ring attached to them. Up to the enlightenment of the channel, there are a lot of symmetrical structures (spoke complex). At the center of the complex you can see the entrance to the canal of the nuclear dobi. Sometimes, an electron-gap granule is visible in the channel. Deyakі doslidniki vvazhayut what kind of a complex that is transported at the time of the transition of the nuclear membrane. In addition, it is important that the structure is a functional detail of the nuclear doby. On the basis of the remaining allowance, a hypothesis was hung up, which was not confirmed by the year, it’s time to take revenge on not one, but all penetrating channels. Molecules with a mass of less than 5 kDa, pass through the nuclear pore freely, and are equal between the nuclear and cytoplasmic concentrations in seconds. For proteins with a mass of 17 kDa, this process takes 2 quilins, for proteins with a mass of 44 kDa (approximately 6 nm) - 30 quilins. Proteins weighing over 60 kDa may not pass passively through nuclear pores. A channel penetrating for hydrophilic macromolecules, through which it passes through both active and passive transport, one in the nuclear pore, and possibly, rotting at the center of the complex. Establish special mechanisms for the transport of macromolecules within the nucleus and from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, but little is known about the process.
Nuclear pores , or nuclear pore complexes - large protein complexes that penetrate the nuclear membrane and transport of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. The transition of molecules from the nucleus into the cytoplasm and in the hiatus directly is called nuclear cytoplasmic transport
Reconstruction of the nuclear dobi.
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) have a similar rank in all organisms that have survived on this day. The stench of the impersonal spears is approximately 30 different proteins-nucleoporins.
Behind the data of electron microscopy, nuclear pores at the transverse section may the shape of an "eight-spoke viscous wheel”, so that all symmetry of the eighth order can be made. The data confirm the fact that nucleoporin molecules are present in the nuclear pore storage in a multiple of eight. molecular permeation channel roztashovuєtsya at the center of the structure. Nuclear pore complexes anchored on nuclear shell for help transmembrane part, in view of the animal structure before the enlightenment of the channel, which took away the name spoke(spokes), by analogy with the spokes of a viscous wheel. qia cow part pori, induced from eight domains, from the cytoplasmic and nuclear sides, it is surrounded by two similarly cytoplasmic and nuclear rings. Proteins are attached to the nuclear circle, straightened in the middle. nuclei, strands(nuclear filaments), up to the end terminal block. The entire structure can be named nuclear cat. Up to the cytoplasmic ring, it is also attached straight into the cytoplasm of the strand. cytoplasmic filaments. At the center of the nuclear pore one can see an electron-gap particle, a "sleeve" or conveyor.
Nucleporini, proteins, from which nuclear pores were induced, are divided into three subgroups.
- Before the first one, transmembrane proteins are introduced, which anchor the complex at the nuclear envelope.
- Nucleoporins of another group have a characteristic amino acid motif - a few times repeated FG, FXFG or GLFG - sequences (the so-called FG-repeat, de F - phenylalanine, G - glycine, L - leucine, X - be it an amino acid). The function of FG-repeats may be related to the linkage of transport factors, which are necessary for the implementation of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport.
- Proteins of the third subgroup do not interfere with any membrane domains, nor FG repeats, the most conservative medium of all nucleoporins, their role, perhaps, may play a role in the safe linkage of FG nucleoporins with transmembrane ones.
Nucleoporini are also vigilant for their mobility at the warehouse of the nuclear power plant. Actual whites are connected with a specific hour of stretching the last clitinic cycle, while otherwise they are renewed only for a sprat of quills.
The number of nuclear fry per nucleus can be as high as 190 in yeasts, 3000-5000 in humans, up to 50 million in mature oocytes of the clawed toad. This indicator can also vary in fallow, depending on the type of clitin, hormonal status and stage of the clitin cycle. For example, in vertebral cells, the number of nuclear fir is subdivided by the S phase stretch, at the same time by the chromosomes. During dissection of the nuclear tunic during mitosis, the nuclear pores of the spine break up into subcomplexes with masses of nearly a million daltons. It was shown that the separation of the nuclear pore complex is initiated by cyclin B-deposit kinase, which is phosphorylated by nucleoporin. After the completion of the clinical trial, the nuclear time is taken de novo. The nuclear pores of the interphase nucleus move in great arrays, and they are not independent of each other, moreover, these movements occur simultaneously with the movements of the nuclear lamina. This is proof that the nuclear pores are mechanically tied together to form a single system.
3. Core, yoga life and biological role.
The nucleus is folded 1) on top of the core apparatus(The new one has 2 membranes, perinuclear spaces, pore complexes, lamina.) 2) karyoplasma(nucleoplasms) 3) chromatin(Nyumu has euchromatin and heterochromatin) 4) nucleus(granular and fibrillar component.)
The core is the whole structure of the cell, how it controls the function of saving and transmitting information, and how it regulates all the life processes of the cell. The nucleus carries genetic (spadkovu) inf in its own DNA. The nuclei sound like a bush or an egg-like shape. I am sharpened with a nuclear shell. The nuclear membrane is permeated with nuclear pores. Through them, the nucleus is exchanged with rhechovins and cytoplasm (in the middle of the cell). The outer membrane transforms into the endoplasmic reticulum and may be studded with ribosomes. The introduction of the expansion of the nucleus of that cell to fall in the functional activity of the cell. Most cells are mononuclear. Dinuclear may be cardiomyocytes. Start a binuclear infusoria. The stench is characteristic nuclear dualism. (So the kernels are different for everyday life and functions). Male core (generative) - diploid. It only takes care of the process in ciliates. Large (vegetative) polyploid nucleus. It regulates the life processes. Cells of some of the simplest cells and cells of skeletal muscles are rich-nuclear cells.
4. The surface apparatus of the nucleus, its functions. Budov nuclear pore complex. Import and export of proteins through nuclear pores.
P.A.Ya. or karateka ) there is microscopic tovshchina and it can be seen with a light microscope. The core apparatus includes:
a) a nuclear membrane, or a cariolema; b) steam complexes; c) peripheral lamina (PPP), or lamina .
(1) Nuclear membrane (cariolema). it is composed of 2 membranes - the outer one and the inner one, divided by the perinuclear space. Offset membranes can be the same as a native mosaic of life, like a plasma membrane, and are separated by a set of proteins. Among them are proteins, enzymes, carriers and receptors. The outer nuclear membrane, the extension of GREPs membranes, may be studded with ribosomes, which are where protein synthesis occurs. On the side of the cytoplasm, the outer membrane is sharpened with a mesh of intermediate (Bi-mentin) fipamentiv. Between the outer and inner membranes there is a perinuclear expanse - an empty space 15-40 nm wide, instead of which one is connected with the empty canals of the EPS. Behind the warehouse, the perinuclear space is close to hyaloplasmic and can be synthesized by ribosomes of protein. Golovna function of cariolemy - isolation of hyaloplasma from karioplasma. Special proteins of nuclear membranes, spread in the area of nuclear fir, improve the transport function. The nuclear shell is permeated with nuclear pores, which form the links between karioplasm and hyaloplasm. To regulate such a link, there is a pore in the pores (2) pore complexes The stinks occupy 3-35% of the surface of the nuclear membrane. The number of nuclear pir with pore complexes is a small value and deposited depending on the activity of the nucleus. In the area of the nuclear membranes, the internal nuclear membranes are fused. The conglomeration of structures associated with nuclear sometimes is called nuclear dobi complex. A typical porosity complex is a folding protein structure - to cover over 1000 protein molecules. At the center of the pori is ruffled central protein globule(Granule), in view of which, along the radius, thin fibers enter to the peripheral protein globules, satisfying the diaphragm of the pori. On the periphery of the nuclear pore, there are two parallel ring structures with a diameter of 80-120 nm (one each from the skin surface of the cariolemy), the skin of which is 8 protein granules(globules).
Protein globules of the feather complex are subdivided into central і peripheral . For help peripheral globules the transport of macromolecules from the nucleus to the hyaloplasm is inhibited. (they are fixed in the membrane with a special integral protein. These granules converge to the center protein fibers, form a partition diaphragm pori)
Special proteins of peripheral globules take part in the new one. nucleoporini. In peripheral globules, there is a special protein - a carrier of t-RNA molecules
central globule specializes in the transport of i-RNA from the nucleus to hyalopdasm. In її warehouse є enzymes, in chemical modification of mRNA - її processing.
Granules of pore complexes are structurally bound to nuclear lamina proteins, which take part in their organization
Functions of the nuclear dobi complex:
Security regulation of selected transport in-in between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Active transference in protein core
Transfer of subunits of ribosomes into the cytoplasm
(3) PPP or lamina
zavtoshka ball 80-300 nm. adheres in the middle to the inner nuclear membrane. The inner nuclear membrane is smooth, the integral proteins are tied to the lamina (peripheral slit plate). The lamina is made up of special interlacing proteins-lamins, which make up the peripheral karioskeleton. Protein-laminas are classified as intermediate filaments (skeletal fibrils). The savtsіv vіdomo 4 vidi tsikh bіlkіv - tse lomi A, B, B 2 that S. The proteins are found in the nucleus of the cytoplasm. The laminae of various species interact between each other and establish a protein barrier under the inner membrane of the nuclear membrane. For the help of laminiv "B" PPP is built up with a special integral of the nuclear envelope. Z PPP vzaimodiyut and proteins of peripheral holobules "in the middle of the ring" of the pore complex. Tilomeric divisions of chromosomes come to lamina "A".
Lamp functions: 1) support the shape of the nucleus. (navit as a battle of the membranes of ruinations, then the core for the rahunok of the lani took its shape and the pores of the comp-si ost in its place.
2) serve as a component of the karioskeleton
3) The fate of the folding of the nuclear membrane (the formation of cariolemy) in case of dilated cells.
4) in the interphase nucleus, attaching chromatin to the lamin. in this way, the lamina has secured the function of fixing chromatin in the nucleus (safeguarding the ordering of chromatin, taking part in the spacious organization of chromatin in the interphase nucleus). Lamin "A" interrelations with thylomir chromosomes.
5) having secured the structure of the organization of pore complexes.
import and export bulk.
U core through the nuclear pores: synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes, proteins-enzymes, which take part in the processes of replication and repair (reinvention of the ear in DNA); protein-enzymes that are used in the transcription process; proteins-repressors that regulate the process of transcription; proteins-histone. (like binding to a DNA molecule and facilitating chromatin); proteins that enter the warehouse of subunits of ribosomes: proteins of the nuclear matrix that make up the carioskeleton; nucleotides; ions of mineral salts, zocrema, ions of Ca and Mg.
3 cores i-RNA is released from the cytoplasm. tRNA and subunits of ribosomes, ie ribonucleoprotein particles (rRNA bound to proteins).
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P.A.Ya. or karateka ) there is microscopic tovshchina and it can be seen with a light microscope. The core apparatus includes:
a) a nuclear membrane, or a cariolema; b) steam complexes; c) peripheral lamina (PPP), or lamina .
(1) Nuclear membrane (cariolema). it is composed of 2 membranes - the outer one and the inner one, divided by the perinuclear space. Offset membranes can be the same as a native mosaic of life, like a plasma membrane, and are separated by a set of proteins. Among them are proteins, enzymes, carriers and receptors. The outer nuclear membrane, the extension of GREPs membranes, may be studded with ribosomes, which are where protein synthesis occurs. On the side of the cytoplasm, the outer membrane is sharpened with a mesh of intermediate (Bi-mentin) fipamentiv. Between the outer and inner membranes there is a perinuclear expanse - an empty space 15-40 nm wide, instead of which one is connected with the empty canals of the EPS. Behind the warehouse, the perinuclear space is close to hyaloplasmic and can be synthesized by ribosomes of protein. Golovna function of cariolemy - isolation of hyaloplasma from karioplasma. Special proteins of nuclear membranes, spread in the area of nuclear fir, improve the transport function. The nuclear shell is permeated with nuclear pores, which form the links between karioplasm and hyaloplasm. To regulate such a link, there is a pore in the pores (2) pore complexes. The stinks occupy 3-35% of the surface of the nuclear membrane. The number of nuclear pir with pore complexes is a small value and deposited depending on the activity of the nucleus. In the area of the nuclear membranes, the internal nuclear membranes are fused. The conglomeration of structures associated with nuclear sometimes is called nuclear dobi complex. A typical porosity complex is a folding protein structure - to cover over 1000 protein molecules. At the center of the pori is ruffled central protein globule(Granule), in view of which, along the radius, thin fibers enter to the peripheral protein globules, satisfying the diaphragm of the pori. On the periphery of the nuclear pore, there are two parallel ring structures with a diameter of 80-120 nm (one each from the skin surface of the cariolemy), the skin of which is 8 protein granules(globules).
Protein globules of the feather complex are subdivided into central і peripheral . For help peripheral globules the transport of macromolecules from the nucleus to the hyaloplasm is inhibited. (they are fixed in the membrane with a special integral protein. These granules converge to the center protein fibers, form a partition diaphragm pori)
Special proteins of peripheral globules take part in the new one. nucleoporini. In peripheral globules, there is a special protein - a carrier of t-RNA molecules
central globule specializes in the transport of i-RNA from the nucleus to hyalopdasm. In її warehouse є enzymes, in chemical modification of mRNA - її processing.
Granules of pore complexes are structurally bound to nuclear lamina proteins, which take part in their organization
Functions of the nuclear dobi complex:
1. Security regulation of selected transport in-in between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
2. Active transference in protein core
3. Transfer of subunits of ribosomes into the cytoplasm
(3) PPP or lamina
zavtoshka ball 80-300 nm. adheres in the middle to the inner nuclear membrane. The inner nuclear membrane is smooth, the integral proteins are tied to the lamina (peripheral slit plate). The lamina is made up of special interlacing proteins-lamins, which make up the peripheral karioskeleton. Protein-laminas are classified as intermediate filaments (skeletal fibrils). The savtsіv vіdomo 4 vidi tsikh bіlkіv - tse slices A, B, B 2 and C. The proteins are found in the nucleus of the cytoplasm. The laminae of various species interact between each other and establish a protein barrier under the inner membrane of the nuclear membrane. For the help of laminiv "B" PPP is built up with a special integral of the nuclear envelope. Z PPP vzaimodiyut and proteins of peripheral holobules "in the middle of the ring" of the pore complex. Tilomeric divisions of chromosomes come to lamina "A".
Lamp functions: 1) support the shape of the nucleus. (navit as a battle of the membranes of ruinations, then the core for the rahunok of the lani took its shape and the pores of the comp-si ost in its place.
2) serve as a component of the karioskeleton
3) The fate of the folding of the nuclear membrane (the formation of cariolemy) in case of dilated cells.
4) in the interphase nucleus, attaching chromatin to the lamin. in this way, the lamina has secured the function of fixing chromatin in the nucleus (safeguarding the ordering of chromatin, taking part in the spacious organization of chromatin in the interphase nucleus). Lamin "A" interrelations with thylomir chromosomes.
5) having secured the structure of the organization of pore complexes.
import and export bulk.
U core through the nuclear pores: synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes, proteins-enzymes, which take part in the processes of replication and repair (reinvention of the ear in DNA); protein-enzymes that are used in the transcription process; proteins-repressors that regulate the process of transcription; proteins-histone. (like binding to a DNA molecule and facilitating chromatin); proteins that enter the warehouse of subunits of ribosomes: proteins of the nuclear matrix that make up the carioskeleton; nucleotides; ions of mineral salts, zocrema, ions of Ca and Mg.
3 cores i-RNA is released from the cytoplasm. tRNA and subunits of ribosomes, ie ribonucleoprotein particles (rRNA bound to proteins).
Nuclear pores are one of the most important internal cellular components, stink shards take part in molecular transport. Regardless of the reach in biological studies, not all nutritional structures are planted in the same way. Deyakі vchenі vvazhayut, scho for the significance of the functions and folding of life, the complex of nuclear fir can be attributed to the organelle clitin.
Nuclear shell
A characteristic feature is the presence of the nucleus, as if it were a sharpened shell, which makes the cytoplasm look like a cream. The membrane is folded into two balls - the inner and outer balls, which are joined together for the help of a great number of pir.
The value of the nuclear membrane is even greater - it allows you to intervene in the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids, the necessary regulation of the functional activity of genes. The membrane controls the process of transporting speech in the middle, into the cytoplasm, which is directly at the back. It is also a structural structure that enhances the shape of the nucleus.
Between the outer and inner membranes there is a perinuclear expanse, the width of which becomes 20-40 nm. Zovnishno nuclear membrane looks like a two-balled bear. Occurrence of pir in її budovі є suttєvoy vіdmіnіstі danny ї structures vіd іn similar, іnіvіnі mitochondria і plastid.
Budova nuclear time
The channels are perforations with a diameter of about 100 nm, which pass through the entire nuclear envelope. In the transverse section, the stench is characterized by the shape of a bagatokutnik, which has symmetry of the eighth order. The penetrating speech canal is located in the center. Vіn zapovneniya foldedly organized by globular (in the form of a ball) and fibrillar (in the form of a twisted thread) structures that make up the central granule-plug (or the conveyor). On a little lower, you can see it firsthand, that it's nuclear time.
Microscopic examination of these structures shows that the stench can make a lot of life. Fibrillary veins stretch like a name, into the cytoplasm, and in the middle, down the nucleus (filaments). Stop making your own cat (foreign literature, which is called "basket"). In the passive pore, the fibers of the basket close the channel, and in the active pore, the fibers form an additional seal with a diameter of about 50 nm. The ring on the side of the cytoplasm is folded into 8 granules, joined together, like we are on a thread.
The sequence of these perforations in the shell of the nucleus is associated with a complex of nuclear fir. By the same token, the biologists themselves support the interrelationship between themselves, having discovered that they work as a single beneficial mechanism.
Zovnishhnye kіltse pov'yazane іz central conveyor. In lower eukaryotes (lichens and others) there is no cytoplasmic or nucleoplasmic ring.
Structure features
Budov, and the functions of nuclear pyrotechnics may have the following features:
- The channels are in numerical copies of about 30-50 nucleoporins (and in total - about 1000 proteins).
- The mass of the complexes ranges from 44 MD in lower eukaryotes to 125 MD in ridge creatures.
- In all organisms (humans, birds, reptiles and other creatures) in all clitins and the structure of the power is similar, then the pore complex is a very conservative system.
- Components of nuclear complexes can be subunit budova, zavdyaki stinks can be high plasticity.
- The diameter of the central channel varies between 10-26 nm, and the height of the pore complex is close to 75 nm.
Away from the center of the nuclear fir yards are non-symmetrical. Vcheni povyazyut ce with different mechanisms of regulation of the transport function at the cob stages of the development of the clitin. It is also transmitted that all pores are universal structures that ensure the movement of molecules both in the cytoplasm and in the right direction. Nuclear pore complexes are present in other components of the clitinum, which are membranes, and in rare cases (reticulum, residual membranes of the cytoplasm).
Kіlkіst pіr
The main factor in determining the amount of nuclear feasts to be deposited is the activity of the exchange of speech in clitins (which is higher, the number of tubules is greater). Їx concentration in the membranes can change at different times in different periods of the functional state of clitin. First, the increase in the number of fir is observed after the rozpodil - mitosis (during the reconstruction of the nuclei), and then during the period of DNA growth.
In different species of creatures, the kіlkіst is irritated. It’s also worth lying down in the same way as a place to take a loan. So, in humans, there are about 11 pcs/µm 2, and in the egg cells, which were not seen, xenopus toads - 51 pcs/µm 2. The average thickness varies no more than 13-30 approx. / μm 2 for the average.
Rozpodil nuclear fir on the surface of the tunic is practically equal, but in areas where the speech of the chromosomes is close to the membrane, their concentration changes sharply. The lower eukaryotes under the nuclear membrane do not have a fibrillar layer of a thick structure, therefore, the air of the nuclear membrane can move, and their thickness on different plots is significantly variable.
Functions
The main function of the nuclear pore complex is passive (diffusive) and active (which contributes to energy vitrates) transfer of molecules through the membrane, so that the exchange of speech between the nucleus of the cell and the cytoplasm. This process of life is important and is regulated by three systems, as if they are trying to change one by one:
- a complex of biologically active speech-regulators in the nucleus and cytoplasm - importin α and β, Ran-protein, guanosine triphosphate (purine nucleotide) and other inhibitors and activators;
- nucleoporini;
- structural components of the porous nuclear complex, yakі zdatnі zmіnyuvati its shape and safe transfer of speech in the right direction.
From the cytoplasm, through the nuclear pores, proteins are needed that are necessary for the functioning of the nucleus, and the bloodstream is directly delivered different forms RNA. The porosity complex does not only function as a daily mechanical transport, but to serve as a sorter, which “knows” the songs of the molecule.
Passive transmission is considered for quiet speeches, the molecular weight of which is not high (no more than 5 10 3 So). Such speeches as ions, zukri, hormones, nucleotides, adenosine triphosphoric acid, which take part in the exchange of energy, must be included in the nucleus. The maximum size of whites, which can be consumed through pores into the nucleus, is 3.5 nm.
Under an hour of synthesis of the daughter DNA molecule, the transport of speech reaches the peak of activity - 100-500 molecules through 1 nuclear pore per 1 minute.
Protein dosi
Elements of the channels reflect the protein nature. The proteins of this complex are called nucleoporins. The stench is taken from approximately 12 subcomplexes. Mentally divide them into three groups:
- due to specific repetitive sequences, due to biochemical factors;
- scho not vodіyut sequences;
- like to be found in the space of the membrane that forms the pore, or in the very pore in the space between the balls of the nuclear membrane.
It has been further established that the nucleoporins can be made to form folding complexes, which include up to 7 proteins, and also take part in the transport of speeches without intermediary. Deyakі z them mozhut bezmeseredno zv'yazuvatis z molecules that move through the nuclear pore.
Export of speech from the cytoplasm
One and the same time can take the same fate as a visnovka, so in the import of speeches. There is no reverse transfer of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Nuclear complexes are aware of export signals (NES) that carry ribonucleoproteins in themselves.
NES-sequence of signaling speeches is a foldable complex of amino acids and proteins, which, after the introduction of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, dissociate (disintegrate into adjacent warehouses). To this, similar particles introduced into the cytoplasm by a piece way do not penetrate back into the nucleus.
The process of mitosis
When rozpodіlі (mitozі) kіtini vіdbuvaєє "separation" of the nuclear pore complex. Thus, complexes with a molecular weight of 120 mDa break down into subcomplexes of 1 mDa each. After the end of the rose, the stench is picked up again. For whom, the nuclear pores move not all the time, but in arrays. This is one of the proofs that the nuclear porosity complex is a blessed system.
The ruined membrane transforms on bulbashkov's cluster, as a result of which the area of the nucleus in the period of interphase is removed. In metaphase, if the chromosomes are reduced in the equatorial plane, the elements are reduced to the peripheral zones of the clitinum. For example, anaphase clustering begins to contact with chromosomes and starts growing germs in the nuclear membrane.
Puhirts are transformed into vacuoles, like step by step enveloping chromosomes. Then the stench gets angry and vibrates a new interphase nucleus in the form of cytoplasm. Pori already appear at an early stage, as long as the shells do not begin to flicker.
