What did Petro 1 bring from England? “Russian Way of Modernization”: what Petro I brought from the Great Embassy
1) Volodymyr Monomakh
2) Yaroslav Mudry
3) Monk Nestor
4) Avakum
3As the old Russian state called the prince and his retinue of the subordinate lands who paid tribute:
2) half a person
4. What was the reason for Peter’s re-creation:
1) the need to separate Russia from Zakhad
2) refusal to withdraw financial assistance from England and Holland
3) the need to deal with the issue and year
4) the unification of all Russian lands
5. At 13 tbsp. it became like:
1) Battle of Kaltsi
2) taking Kazan
3) Parking on Vugri
4) Suvorov’s crossing of the Alps
6. Which of the names of the person was the architect of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin:
1) Aleviz Novy
2) Aristotle Fioravanti
3) Vasil Bazhenov
4) Bartholomew Rastrelli
7. The reign of some ancient Russian prince concluded a treaty with Byzantium that was beneficial for Russia:
1) Vsevolod the Great Nest
2) Yaroslav the Wise
3) Oleg Vishchy
4) Svyatopolk the Accursed
8. What was named as a legacy of the Moscow uprising of 1648:
1) collecting pennies
2) introduction of the Cathedral Code
3) introduction of Yury's day
4) introduction of sacred fates
9. The right to princedom during the period of the Orda yoke was given by the khan’s charter:
3) Ordinsky exit
10. Legislative act, which initiated the closure of the villagers:
1) "Russian Truth"
2) "Code of Law of Ivan III"
3) “The Code of Law of Ivan IV”
4) “Cathedral Way”
11.. Please note what functions the State Rada, created in 1810, performed:
1) legislators
2) legislators
3) Vikonavchi
4) ships
12. In any case, Russia signed the Adrianople Peace Treaty with Turkey:
13. Gerasim Kurin, Arkhip Semenov, Oleksandr Figner, Vasilina Kozhina bulls:
1) partisans in 1812
2) great reformers
3) high-rise planters
4) strong actors
14. Select the internal policy of Mikoli 1:
1) codification of the laws of the Russian Empire
2) creation of a system of military settlements
3) transfer to jury trial
4) implementation of military military service
15. Read the lesson from the words of the publicist Yu.F. Samarina and indicate the name of the emperor, about the beginning of the reign of which the author informs.
“The reign began a short time ago, when one frosty day on Palatsova Square flew around the brightest colors of an entire generation...”
1) Pavlo Petrovich
2) Oleksandr Pavlovich
3) Kostyantin Pavlovich
4) Mikola Pavlovich
16. Power villagers:
1) especially free villagers who lived on state lands
2) crackers
3) villagers who owned the land as rulers
4) villagers assigned to manufactories
17. The Star of the Laws of Ancient Russia called:
1) Russian Truth
2) Cathedral laying
3) Stoglav
4) Lawyer
18. The first history of Russia Zemsky Council of the former conclave in the reign:
1) Ivan the Terrible
2) Ivan III
4) Oleksiy Mikhailovich
19. To whom among the Russian sovereigns are the words of A.S. dedicated? Pushkin?
Now an academician, now a hero,
Now a sailor, now a carpenter,
With an all-pervading soul
On the throne is an eternal priest
1) Ivan III
3) Boris Godunov
20. What name was taken away by the uprising in Moscow in 1662:
2) Copper riot
3) “hiking for sips”
4) plague riot
21. The results of the church reform of Patriarch Nikon:
1) was founded by the Slovenian-Greek-Latin Academy
2) Veliky Novgorod became the religious center of Russia
3) church books were corrected according to the same Greek characters
4) the Synod was created.
22. Which series shows the date of the reign of Catherine the Other:
23. What are the names of the fields in the 17th century:
1) the death of the patriarchate
2) acceptance of the Cathedral Code
3) Ermak’s march to Siberia
4) the appearance of Ivan Fedorov’s book “Apostle”
24. What is the significant history of Russia 1649:
1) releases from the rule of the Golden Horde
2) the votes of the Russian Empire
3) annexed to Russia by the Kazan Khanate
4) acceptance of the "Cathedral Code"
25. The legislative act of the 18th century on the procedure for serving in the army and civilian establishments was called:
1) "Building structure"
2) "Russian Truth"
3) "Table of ranks"
4) "Spiritual regulations"
On the 1682nd birthday of Russia, ten-year-old Petro I was appointed to the throne of Russia. The revolutionary Russian Tsar, and later Emperor, reigned over the majestic land for many 43 years, right up to his death in 1725. During his reign, many of the most important historical developments and transformations took place. And it is unlikely that among the representatives of the Romanov dynasty there will be more and with whom the position is ambiguous. There are diametrically different assessments of his government and activities, which of course shows a lot.
What was the first Russian emperor: his character and burial
Petro, born with historical figures, has been blessed with good health since childhood (which not all the sons of Oleksiy Mikhailovich the Quiet could boast of). I wanted to look at Petro quietly. Yogo zrostannya bulo over two meters. However, when you are born, wearing more than 38 sizes and having grown up, it’s important to call this structure harmonious. The emperor's robe, currently in use today, is size 48. And one can clearly say that Peter’s shoulders were narrow (as he grew up), and his hands were small.
During the hour of his reign, Peter I began to earn a fair amount of money. It appears that in his youth Petro was a frequent guest of the German free world, as historians say, having become a devotee of a foreign way of life. Once you start smoking German cradle and celebrate German style evenings with dancing and alcohol. On one of these evenings, we had a romantic relationship with Anna Mons, the daughter of a wine merchant from the Freelands. Peter's mother, Natalya Kirilivna, was dissatisfied with these hundred-year-olds. And in the end, she convinced her son to be friends with Evdokia Lopukhina. Alec's love can hardly be called successful. Evdokia was found to be involved in the Streltsy riot and was sent to the monastery. And the only son who saw his love - Oleksiy - without becoming an emperor, he was later called (not without reason) from the sovereign health and wasted.
In 1703, Petro I fell in love with the nineteen-year-old Katerina, a girl of low birth (she was buried in full by Russian troops in one of the battles). Their mothers and fathers were prominent Livonian villagers, and their real name was Marta Skavronskaya. Martha was a white-haired woman by nature, but in her youth she over-harvested dark hair. The Emperor had even more affection for Katerina. And I spent an hour discussing with her the importance of the sovereign diet, feeding her for the sake of it. After the death of the man, Catherine I herself became the new ruler of the Russian Empire.
Petro the Great transporting Empress Katerina across the Neva (painting by artist Andriy Ryabushkin)
Those who knew Peter especially, meant that Volodya had a quick, lively mind, practical intelligence and justice. While in Holland, I spent a lot of time riding horses, and now I had to tie the ropes with belts until they were too tight. One day I got enough of it, and just beat them with flowers until it was done - it became an innovation. Petro was interested in practical dentistry. It’s already sad to see the teeth of different people getting sick. At the same time, the king began to sniffle and wear out his healthy teeth, which, obviously, was not appropriate for his patients.
Petro's character was characterized by a cheerful and direct person, but during this time he suffered spontaneous attacks of gluttony and anger. It appears that he especially targeted the participants in the Streltsy uprising - this fact can speak volumes about his specialness.
Decrees and Reforms of Peter I that changed the Russian state
The large-scale reform of Russia began after Peter I traveled to Western Europe in 1697-1698 with a diplomatic mission, which is usually called the Great Embassy. What Peter I learned and learned during this trip led him to the idea that Russia would require reforms. And before 1725, fate was unlikely to have lost at least one significant sphere of Russian life, as our first emperor did not interfere with his decrees and changes.
The church reform carried out by Peter was very significant. It is not enough to weaken the political influx of the church. Before Peter, the church court had no more importance in judging representatives of the clergy (and so on, if there were criminal cases). Volodar's attempts in the past to correct such a camp of speeches were met with bitter criticism. Ale Peter I finally decided to carry out his plan. After the reform, the clergy, like representatives of other countries, began to submit to illegal legislation.
In addition, Peter I changed the official calendar: the cycle of fates “since Adam” was cut off, now the fates “since the birth of Christ” began to unfold. In this manner, 5,508 deaths were “shaved off.” The introduction of the Julian calendar and the transfer of the New Year from the beginning of autumn to the present day are also the merit of Peter.
Before that, the Arabic numerals that were already familiar to us were adopted, replacing with them the ancient Russian notations. The letters of the chairs said goodbye, and the deeds from them (the word about the letters “ksi” and “psi”) have since been collected from the alphabet. For books with a secular character, their own authoritative font was created - civil. And the majority of the church books, as before, could be written in a folded form.
It should be noted that Peter I was, on principle, tolerant of other confessions. Once again, he was allowed to reveal his faith to the foreigners who were visiting Russia. The reformer king was aware that earthly power cannot control the conscience and faith of the skin of the people.
It is also evident that Peter I ordered the bishops to be “virtuous and reasonable” with those who oppose the Church. On the other hand, Petro introduced special penalties for those who, without confessing, would like to show up in the church at the hour of service once or inappropriately.
Another interesting fact: Peter I himself started the tradition of forcibly marrying a girl. The Emperor gave three instructions to this drive. In addition, with the new rules, a great hour may pass between the engagements and the weddings before the boy and the girl are more likely to be surprised one by one.
The Russian army, insanely, also demanded modernization. In the first hour of the Revolutionary War (1700–1721), Petro made serious efforts from him directly. Since 1705, every door, according to the decree of Peter I, was obliged to send one recruit to military service. This norm was expanded throughout all the nobles. These recruits themselves became the backbone of the army.
The military statute was also seriously amended. Peter I made the main emphasis of the military establishment on the fundamental will of the state, and not on the moral and religious warehouse of these and other soldiers.
Peter I was able to create a long-lasting regular army and military-naval fleet, which Russia simply did not have before. For example, during the reign of Peter (until 1725), the number of regular land forces became 210,000 people, irregular ones - 110,000. And over 30,000 people served in the navy.
The modernization of the army and the development of the fleet "from scratch" generated significant financial investments. And therefore Petro Pishov on strengthening the tax system. In place of ineffective householders, capitation taxes were accepted. There were about thirty different donations: for the beard, for the preparation of the lazna, for the fork of the fish, for the oak blanks for the trumpets, etc. bud. Peter's struggle with beards became especially famous. He ordered them to be cut to the very neck, and for people who wore a beard officially, they paid pennies into the treasury, sending special tokens-receipts.
In addition, the Galusi deeds were taken completely under the control of the state. For example, we are talking about the trade in alcoholic beverages, alcohol, alcohol, brandy and fish fat. Private persons were prohibited from selling these goods.
During the reign of Peter I, industry developed at a high rate. New places appeared, new channels and paths were created that were of greater strategic importance. Exploration work began in the ore deposits, and in the Urals and in the European part of Russia, chavunolivarnye and zbroyov production appeared.
The status of the head of the payment for Peter was found to be a copie (instead of the so-called penny). The main characteristics of the coins have also changed.
Tsikavo: If Petro took up the penny reform, it became clear that the official mints were not allowed to issue coins in one piece. And all the counterfeiters were counted (and they were counted with this sign). The skills of such evil states have become victorious for their own purposes. They sent the squeezing counterfeiters to the mints, where they were punished to engage in the carving of sovereign coins. For example, in 1712, 12 such unfortunate masters were sent to the mint.
Petro became famous for having introduced an unprecedented way to combat drunkenness. Alcoholics since 1714 have been awarded chavunni medals for drinking, the total amount of which totaled approximately 7 kilograms. At the police station, this medal was specially placed on our ankles, so that it would be impossible to remove them. Wearing this sign for all these days is dubious satisfaction.
What did Petro import from Europe to Russia?
In Holland, at the hour of the Great Embassy, Petro fanned the tulips and sank in their incredible beauty. And as early as 1702, the families of many of these countries settled in Russia. The history of the “garden office” began with the tulips - a structure created for the registration and cultivation of overseas plants.
Russia and Europe have written this order, for example, to the present day dormouse. Roslin's cob was respected only as a decorative plant, but later they began to grow dormouse oil from it. Moreover, the technology of obtaining oil from the present day was first tested in Russia.
We know a lot about the fact that in our land potatoes appeared to Peter I. Until then, the inhabitants of Russia were practically not aware of it. However, the first attempts to introduce potatoes into the daily diet of the villagers ended in failure. They smelled like potato bulbs, and, of course, did not understand what the vegetable belonged to, and were tempted to smell it.
Also, Petro first brought a billiard table, hot chocolate and cava from behind the border. While in Europe, he fell in love with kava so much that after returning to Russia, he started serving it at the so-called Assemblies. In addition, according to the order of Peter I, this drink was poured to everyone who entered the Kunstkamera. And the first emperor introduced a fashion for arms in Russia (obviously influenced by Europe), and wore them willingly.
But not everything that Peter I brought from Western Europe and saw off here can truly be called colorful. Thus, for example, he popularized tyutyun and beer in Russia. The first tires supported Peter I themselves.
Budivnitstvo St. Petersburg
Few people today can miss out on the most beautiful place on the Neva, created by Peter. Let us not forget that it is important not to get overwhelmed by the look of this place - it is not without reason that many writers and poets called it the Palmyra of the Land and the Venice of the Land.
What is the history of the appearance of this ancient Venice? During the course of the battles, the troops defeated by Peter I decided to seize the Swedish fort of Nyenschanz. In order to appreciate his position in this territory, Petro decides to sleep in a large area around the place.
Apparently, the Russian ruler was especially looking for the most friendly place, and settled on Hare Island - inevitably, the first fortifications are blamed here for his order.
And a similar myth about those who in the place of the future Peter there was no lifeless swamp. That's absolutely true. There, where the historical center of St. Petersburg spread out, there were a number of Russian settlements that had existed even before the Swedes arrived. The residents of these settlements became, in fact, the first Petersburgers.
Just before the birth of 1703 on Zayachy Island, the first stone of the Peter and Paul Fort was laid. This roztashuvannaya is chosen in such a manner that it would be easy to use it to fire at the ships of the sorcerers.
The war was still over, so it was necessary to build the fort as soon as possible. Petro himself controlled all processes - from the development of the plan to the execution of specific work. As a result, the fort was completed in three days!
Another important controversy was the awakening of the Admiralty - then St. Petersburg was initially intended to be a strong sea port. In addition, Petro spoke about the place as a window to Europe, and he forgot about the plans for European capitals.
Although he wanted to be a great place in the short term, Petro did not spare the cost and resources. And it’s not surprising that so many people died during waking hours. They had to work in the most flexible minds - in the harsh cold climate of the swampy swamps. There are reports that in the forests that once covered the Elagin Island, a number of brown bears lingered. The animals attacked the alarm workers and killed them to death within an hour. To solve the problem, Petro ordered to start spitting on the dirty huts.
Even before everything is completed, the tsar-reformer is working to transfer all the important government bodies to St. Petersburg from Moscow - in order to transform the new place into the full-fledged capital of the state. And at the end of the reign of Peter I, the population of St. Petersburg was already close to forty thousand inhabitants.
Documentary film by Leonid Parfionov “Russian Empire. Peter I"
Svyatoslav Knyazev
320 years ago, having completed its mission in Western Europe, the Great Embassy, which Tsar Peter I himself entered incognito, flew to Russia. According to experts, as a result of negotiations held by Peter in an informal setting with European rulers, Russia began to form an anti-Swedish alliance and took away a lot of information necessary for the beginning of a large-scale military and technical modernization izatsii. And through the death of Peter, shipbuilders and shipbuilders in Europe especially taught jokes about the Tsar-Teslar, dedicated them to operas and vaudevilles. About the achievements of Peter the Great's European tour - from RT.
- Reproduction of a painting by A.M. Samsonov "Peter I"
Having completed the Azov campaigns in 1696, not without conquering Azov, and without losing control of the Kerch Channel, Petro I realized that Russia still lacks the strength for a full-scale war with the Turechina and is extremely necessary modernization. Zahid became a source of technical information. The tsar began to send young nobles to study in Europe, and then went there especially in order to gather knowledge behind the cordon, at the same time as he began diplomatic missions.
"Uryadnik Petro Mikhailov"
In 1697, the Great Embassy was destroyed from Russia on Zahid. The format itself, according to the opinion of some historians, was given instructions to Peter I by General Franz Lefort, who formally closed the embassy. For his diplomatic approach, international negotiator Fedir Golovin confirmed his achievements before the war with China and showed himself miraculously in the Azov campaigns. Prokofy Voznitsin became the third ambassador after negotiations with Vidnya, Warsaw and Constantinople.
Afterwards, they were accompanied by 20 nobles and 35 “volunteers,” among them, and the sergeant (foreman) of the Preobrazhensky Regiment Petro Mikhailov - also the Russian Tsar Peter I. It is clear that the incognito monarch was even more intelligent. Officially, the embassy participants, under the threat of punishment, were prevented from seeing the head of state. However, he himself consistently spoke at the negotiations from a low level of influence in his real name.
- Great Embassy, engraving by Suchasnik. Portrait of Peter I in the guise of a Dutch sailor
However, the formal presence of the tsar at the embassy warehouse allowed him to display a wealth of protocol intelligence and created an alliance between the Russian monarch and European rulers, simple and inviolable. In addition, “Sergeant Petro” could allow himself a lot of things that were simply obscene for Peter the Tsar.
“The very fact of the embassy and the fate of the new Peter became a great breakthrough in right-wing diplomacy - until which time the tsars went directly to each other during military campaigns,” said Pavlo Krotov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor at St. Petersburg State University, from RT.
“In many stories and in primary literature one can find riddles about the fact that the main goal of the Great Embassy was the creation of an anti-Ottoman coalition with the European powers, but that is not the case. Similar assertions are based on the disinformation that has been spread by Russian diplomats. In truth, everything indicates that the main mission of the embassy, which was kept in the dungeon, was the formation of the contours of the anti-Swedish alliance and preparation for the upcoming Civil War,” said the expert.
In addition, according to Krotov’s words, the Russian Tsar especially wants to learn about European evidence from various Galusians. We want to be the creator of the new Russia, and in the undertakings in various spheres, our brothers have suffered a special fate. “Moving from one European place to another, he became either a ship master or an artilleryman,” the historian explained.
Tin's diplomacy of Peter
In the spring of 1697, the embassy left Moscow and went to the Baltic States, a significant part of which was then under the rule of Sweden.
At Risia Petro and his assistants, as Governor General Erik Dahlberg later wrote about this in a report to King Charles XII, “began to ride around the place and especially in excessive heights, and did not separate themselves from looking at the fort from the telescopes , but now they began to lay out a plan of the place and outline the depth of the ditches, walking along the rampart and glacis.” The governor told Lefort that it was so impossible for every European fort and wanted to do something like this.
Members of the embassy called Dalberg to break the rules of hospitality. Convincing himself before Charles XII, the general wrote that he had visited the embassy with honorable mention and fireworks and had seen his participants’ apartments. Peter was not given the honors of the monarchy only through his incognito. The fence to inspect the Dahlberg fortress, explaining with his turbot about the interests of the state.
In Courland, Peter the Great, regardless of incognito, was praised as having defeated the Turks. At Mіtava (today - Yolgava), the Russian Tsar met Rozmov with the Duke of Courland, Frederick Casimir. At Libava (today - Liepaya) Petro boarded the ship and, leaving the embassy, sailed to Koenigsberg (present-day Kaliningrad), receiving a very friendly welcome from the side of the Brandenburg Elector Frederick III, the dark king of Prussia. A few days later, the Great Embassy arrived at Koenigsberg, as it had gone overland. At the hour of his stay with the Converging Prussia, Petro won the fortress of Friedrichsburg. Behind this, there are later fortifications on the island of Kotlin near the Finnish Butte.
Arriving at Pillau (today - Baltiysk), Petro began to take up artillery mastership from the Prussian Lieutenant Colonel Steiner von Sternfeld and finally revoked Mikhailov’s certificate as a “fire master.”
- Sofia Hanoverska with her daughter (artist unknown)
In the German commune of Coppenbrüss, the Russian Tsar met Elector Sophia of Hanover and her daughter Sophia-Charlotte, the future first Queen of Prussia. The women expressed beauty and vitality to the mind of the Russian Tsar and said that his marriage brought them great satisfaction. Unfazed by his rude manners, they called him a human being, unpretentious, and humorously thought about how they let them touch their calluses, earned on everyday ships.
In Western Europe
In 1697, Petro fell to Holland. While the embassy was occupied with diplomatic duties, the king went to the shipyard in Zaandam and sailed on everyday ships. Later he moved to the Amsterdam shipyards of the Dutch East India Company. To please the Russian guests, the rulers, in their presence, laid down the frigate “Peter and Paul” and allowed the Russians to remain on duty for two months.
The burgomaster of Amsterdam, Witsen, led the Russian king to sea on a Dutch ship and organized the monarch’s establishment of various institutions: a doctor’s office, factories, and medical buildings, as well as an anatomical museum, in which the king especially took part in the corpses. This is why Peter decided to fall asleep later at the St. Petersburg Kunstkamera.
- Model of the frigate "Peter and Pavlo"
- Dmitro Korobeinikov / RIA Noviny
There were a lot of jokes in Europe about how the Russian sovereign worked at the Dutch shipyards. Popular reports confirmed that the rich and affluent Dutch often tried to pretend that the Russian guests themselves were the king, and they ended up in a funny situation. Based on the motives of Peter the Great, many musical works have been written in Holland, including the famous opera “Tsar and Tesla” by Albert Lortzing.
Despite the warm welcome, the Russian monarch was not at all happy with the results of the four-and-a-half months he spent with Holland. Having realized that the local ship's officers are good practitioners, although many of them are not strong in science and will often have ships in their sights, and Peter needed an armchair. Correct this oversight by hanging on another birch of the Pivnichny Sea.
England and the Netherlands were at that time controlled by one person - King William III, who requested the Russian monarch to visit Britain. At the shipyards of London, Petro supplied those that were released from Holland. In addition, he actively visited arsenals, docks, museums, visiting the observatory, the mint, the Tower and Oxford University. For these deeds, the king finally met Isaac Newton. Apparently, he looked at the parliament meeting, and said: “It’s fun to hear if the subjects openly tell their sovereign the truth, which is why they need to be considered English.”
Pouches of the Grand Embassy
After three months in England, Petro turned to the mainland, to Holland, and set out for the descent. On the 4th of June 1698 we departed from Amsterdam, getting ready to go home to visit Austria and Northern Italy. However, these plans were destined to come to fruition very often.
In Vidnya, Emperor Leopold I, who was at war with the Ottomans, declared that he supported Russia’s preservation of the lands it had conquered from the Black Sea, rather than securing peace from the Turechchina and not requiring the transfer of Russia to Kerch ї ducts. So Petro was unable to find a free exit to the Black Sea.
In Austria, the tsar was overtaken by the news of the beginning of the Streletsky rebellion, and suddenly arrived in Russia. However, on the way back, he learned that they had resisted the rebels without anything, and allowed himself to travel for three days to Rava (present-day Rava-Ruska) to meet with Augustus II, who had previously taken the Polish throne. The monarchs chatted and talked about the upcoming battle against Sweden.
“During the hour of the Grand Embassy, the contours of this system of international politics were outlined, which allowed Russia, through rocks, to prevail in the Foreign War,” reinforced Pavlo Krotov.
In addition, according to the expert, the tsar, during the Grand Embassy, learned a lot himself and hired European fagivists to carry out modernization in Russia, which began immediately after the monarch returned home.
- Romanticized portrait of Peter I, Paul Delaroche, 1838
In addition to technical officers, members of the embassy hired army officers, sailors and boatswains to serve in Russia, and also purchased 10 thousand for the military. rushnitsa, 5 thousand. muskets and various engineering equipment.
Also, the Great Embassy became a presentation of Russia at Sunset. “It showed that Russia is a great civilization, spread between two oceans,” Krotov said.
From RT, academician of the Academy of Political Sciences of the Russian Federation, head of the department of REU im. G.V. Plekhanov Andriy Koshkin supported that Peter I implemented the historical demand for reforms that made Russia a great and powerful power.
“Having taken specific knowledge from the Sunset, we have turned our country into a special Russian path of modernization. Vіn brought fakhіvtsі, who helped the future ships and ships in Russia. The reforms were not easy, but they led to a historic disaster, and this evidence requires remembering. And even today, there is an urgent need to promote foreign technical innovations, while preserving Russian traditions and the historical forms of social interaction that have been given to us historically,” said the expert.
For the supply of Petro 1 assignments by the author Bogdan Borodin the best answer I’m melting potatoes, I’m melting potatoes for delivery!! !
Indian Cossack
Once upon a time there lived a man and a squad. And there was a daughter and a son in them. Mother loved both children just the same, but knew Father better than her son. “The boy is a grown man, the family will suffer, and the daughter will marry us and forget us,” this is how the father explained his mission to his daughter. I stopped talking to her. I'll tell you that the girl has already darkened her appearance. And one day she said to her mother:
- Dawn me alive in the field. This will be the best for everyone.
Mother didn’t do well for a long time, but then she gave in. In the place where the mother buried her daughter, there is a green bush. A trio of white flowers blossomed on the new one. There was an ale stink without any smell.
“Oh, daughter,” the mother squealed. - I'm a modest Yaku, and I've lost my memory about myself!
“Mom, don’t cry,” the bushman said in a raptom. - I live a long life. Dig me up and pick up the bulbs. They can be cooked and eaten. Just don’t cook everything! Plant a sprat of bulbs in the ground.
The woman gave in, as it was said. So, behind the Indian legend, the potato appeared. And people are still going to praise him.
From the very beginning
Kazka Kazka, aka Indians in Modern America or potatoes from ancient times. Potatoes were brought to Europe by the Spanish in the mid-sixteenth century. For example, in France, potatoes have been around since 1600, but the French have been turning their noses up at the “true Indian twist” for a long time, firmly convinced that their bulbs are lost. It’s not surprising that even people tried to eat not bulbs, but small green fruits that sometimes develop in the place of life. Or maybe I’m starving for potatoes. Before the speech, bouquets of potatoes were served only to royalty.
In all honesty, it is not Peter I who brought potatoes to Russia. In Russia, the first mystery about potatoes dates back to the 18th century. During the reign of Annie John, the fruits often appeared on the table of the court nobility, but were unknown to the common people. Mass familiarity with the “earth apple” arose later, during the reign of Catherine II.
In 1765, 57 barils of potatoes were written to Moscow from Nimechchina due to the attacks of the Medical College. The virility of the “overseas sheep” is not enough to prevent people from starving. Then, following the instructions of the empress of the country, they sent out bulbs and instructions for a good divorce. Ale, not respecting the high order, the people are inveterately unwilling to allow foreign goods onto their table.
Later, Mikola I launched a mass campaign with the forced planting of potatoes. If violence gave rise to opposition, the villagers controlled potato riots. The reason for the dissatisfaction was that before this planting, the most beautiful land on which wheat grew was destroyed.
Ten years have passed since the “potato riots,” and potatoes have become the main herb on our table. And among the people there was a saying: “Potatoes help bread.”
Confirmation Koman Sapiev[guru]
Petro came to Vladi, if the cauldron was empty. His sister Sofia (the prototype of the modern Ukrainian Yulia Tymoshenko) squandered all her treasures with her choir Golitsin. The main jerel is holding. income at that time was so called LisProm (prototype of the new GAZPROM). The entire fleet of the world sailed without the Russian forest. Just as in Ukraine there is a struggle to control the gas transportation system (through which most of the gas reaches Europe), so at the same time there was a struggle between those who controlled the supply of timber to Europe. Why were Streltsy riots (like the Orange revolutions) created in Russia? Having come to power, Petro realized that there was no money and went overseas to ask for pennies from Europe. The European financial center at that time was in Holland and in England. And there were the headquarters of banks and all sorts of East Indian and other transnational corporations. Moreover, Charles XII, who held virtually the entirety of modern Europe in his fist, was even more respectful of their “rogue” financial transactions. On Peter's complaint, the women there threw the business there (including the current IMF type) and gave him a low mind. Adopting serfdom on the level of the “European” law, forcing Russians to drink alcohol and tobacco, giving them a monopoly on the export of timber from Russia (or 51% of the shares of LisProm), and a relationship with Charles XII. Petro waited happily without a car. For this, having taken away the “long” loan for loot + all sorts of European specialties (and how can they let him go without control). And things started to happen here. The army is being retrained (the English cloth is rotten) and re-formed according to the European image. To ensure peace of mind, church bells are removed (and also married to Stalin). The villagers began to lose their “remaining skin” for the income of the state, and their booze and tobacco were sold off (and before Petya there was no such thing as slavery, and few people knew such drinking and smoking). But in the first place, near Narva, Petya shit himself. Ale well done without losing heart. Shurik stole money from the loan. Cloth for uniforms did not become a part of the English brothers, but became a factory behind the image of the old English ones (the old ones were for Russia, and the new English ones themselves were responsible for the profit from the Russian forest). Once there will be a fleet, but there wasn’t really any sort of sailing fleet, just galleries, and on the galleys the fortresses are like slaves. There were already 100 galleys under Gangut. The galley is already old for Europe, and everything is old for Russia (and who thought that we were given new technologies). In Gangut, it was fortunate that there was a calm calm, because one more Swedish battleship in the wind could send our 100 galleys like sourberry boxes to the bottom. Well, Europe needs to rein in Carlos and win back the money. Petro competed with their fakhivtsy to great effect - the result is Poltava. They want to catch up with Charles and run after him from Moldavia, before turning around again, or before the Turks. There, the sumptuous Prut world of Azov was sent back, although it itself was not destroyed. Although the Eastern War was won, the European place remained (on the basis of the people for the farce before Europe), but the problem did not arise until the end. And Lisprom lost control of Zakhod. Moreover, all our emperors made friends, including the German princesses, for successful financial deals. Nathniy won victories back in 1716 by sending Prince Bekovich-Cherkassky through the Caspian Sea to Khiva and Bukhara, but not without turning back. However, Petro, having completed a successful Pesid campaign, established himself in the Caspian Sea. Having finished all the orders at Sunset, Petro Raptovo dies. During the course of the reforms, the technical and economic advancement of Russia from the European powers, the conquest of access to the Baltic Sea was completed, and a transformation was carried out in all spheres of life of the Russian marriage. At the same time, the people's forces were completely weakened, the bureaucratic apparatus grew, a change of mind was created (the Decree on the Succession to the Throne) for the crisis of the supreme power, which led to the era of “palace coups.”
18.04.2006
What Russia has seen in Holland, next to Guus Hiddink
The ship was built in Holland in the Middle Ages. Russia received the Great Embassy of Peter I (1697-1698). Since that time, most Russian maritime terms have a Dutch approach: admiral, boatswain, tug, latrine, draught, drift, cabin, cook, cruiser, cockpit, tack, goldfish, gangway, hold, fairway, fleet, boat, calm, storm, helm , yacht, etc.
During the reign of Peter I, a lot of other words were recorded from the Dutch language, for example, an accident, an orange, a bolt, a fire hose, a tarpaulin, a jack, an inch, a cable, a cap, a convoy, a crane, a mortar, a spire, a corkscrew, a jeweler.
The tradition of celebrating the New River holiday was initiated by Peter I due to the analogy with the Dutch saint. The first holiday celebrated in Russia was 1st century 1700.
The Russian tricolor, along with the version created by Peter on the basis of the Dutch ensign, which is three shades of orange, white and blue colors.
Potatoes, as well as other crops (dormouse, radishes) were consumed to Holland and America in the 16th century. At the beginning of the 18th century, thanks to the efforts of Peter I, they stumbled upon Russia.
Tyutyun reached Europe from Northern America with the expedition of Columbus and expanded there in the middle of the 17th century. Introduced by Peter I to Russia at the beginning of the 18th century.
Black sheep were found in Holland in the 13th-14th centuries, brought to Russia by Peter.
Syur is produced in the Netherlands during the Middle Ages, the first syur fairs took place in the region around 1622. Petro brought orphan masters and fashion for this product to Russia.
The fashion for collecting together with the collection of the anatomist Ruysch was brought by Peter from Holland. It formed the basis of the first museum in Russia - the Kunstkameri.
The first "civil" Russian font was produced in Amsterdam. Together with Drukarsky possessions, they were brought to Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. Replacing the Old Slovakian.
Light bulbs. Russia's first massive purchase of newfangled light bulbs (50,000 pieces) began in 1898 from the small Dutch company Philips & Co. Therefore, the company rejected the opportunity to expand production, transform into a European electrical giant and then create the football club PSV Eindhoven. In 2006, this club became the champion of Holland under the leadership of Guus Hiddink. Vlasniki Philips & Co. Zazvichay became the camp of Russian football. So, in 1939, Frederick Philips arrived in Moscow and witnessed the match between Spartak and Dynamo. Phillips is fighting for his enemies. “Our children play better,” he said.
“Dutch sickness” is an economic term that emerged in the middle of the 20th century, when the rise of gas in the Netherlands and the flow of Syrian dollars, which flowed in, led to an increase in the exchange rate of the national currency, a decrease in competitiveness news of national products and degradation of all weeds, except footwear species. None of these symptoms persist depending on the price of naphtha in Russia.
