Vibirka or vibirkova sukupnіst- impersonal vipadkіv (probing, ob'єktіv, podіy, zrazkіv), for the help of the singing procedure of the general union for participation in the work.

Vibration characteristics:

§ Yakіsna characteristic of the victor - whom we ourselves choose and how to encourage vibrators for whom vicorist.

§ Kіlkіsna characteristic of vibіrki - sіlki vipadkіv vybiraemo, so obyag vibіrki.

The need for vibrating

§ The object of accomplishment is already great. For example, the supporting products of a global company are a large number of territorially scattered markets.

§ Іsnuє nebhіdnіst і sborі primary іnformatsії.

Obyag vibirki

Obyag vibirki- The number of vipadkіv, included in vibirkovu sukupnіst. Three statistical tests are recommended, so that the number of drops was not less than 30-35.

Fallow and independent vibirka

In case of equal pairings (and more) selections, an important parameter is the fallow. It is also possible to insert a homomorphic pair (that is, if one pattern of the X pattern is matched one and only one pattern of the Y pattern and navpak) for a skin pattern in two vibrations choices are called fallow. Apply fallow vibrations:

§ betting twins,

§ two vimir be-like signs before and after the experimental injection,

§ people and squads

If there is such an interrelationship between the choices during the day, then the numbers of the choices are respected independent, for example:

§ people and women,

§ psychologists and mathematicians.

Apparently, the fallow vibirki may still be the same, but the obligation of the independent ones can be renewed.

The balance of selections is established for the help of various statistical criteria:

§ Student's t-test

§ Wilcoxon criterion

§ U-criterion Mann-Whitney

§ Criteria of signs

Representativeness

A sample can be seen as representative or not.

An example of a non-representative sample

In the United States, one of the most important historical examples of an unrepresentative election is the fall that became the hour of the presidential election in 1936. The magazine "Litrery Digest", which successfully predicted the next number of future elections, took pity on its forecasts, having distributed ten million test bulletins to its forward payers, as well as to people, we will turn over the phone books of all cars of the country and people from the registrations. In 25% of the ballots that turned (maybe 2.5 million), the votes were divided in this order:

§ 57% favored Republican candidate Alf Landon

§ 40% voted for the timely Democratic President Franklin Roosevelt

On the day's elections, apparently, Roosevelt wins, gaining more than 60% of the votes. The pardon of Literary Digest was offensive: if you want to increase the representativeness of the selection, - to that it was seen that most of these overpayers respect themselves as republicans, - they expanded the selection for the number of people, selected from those lists of telephone books However, the stench did not lie to the realities of the day and actually recruited even more republicans: in the hour of the Great Depression, mothers of telephones and cars could afford mainly representatives of the middle and higher class (there are more republicans, not democrats).

See the plan and encourage a group of vibes

You can see a few of the main types of the plan for motivating the group:

1. Follow-up with the experimental and control groups, which should be set at different minds.

§ Follow-up with the experimental and control groups from the study of the strategy of pairwise selection

2. There is only one group of experiments, the experimental group.

3. Compliance with the variation of the mixed (factorial) plan - all groups are placed at different minds.

]Vibration types

The selections are divided into two types:

§ imovirnіsnі

§ names

Imovirnіsnі vibirki

1. Simple emoji vibrka:

§ Simple re-vibration. The selection of such a selection is grounded on admissions, which the respondent with an equal frequency of ease can spend at the selection. For sub-bags of the list of general stock, cards with the numbers of the respondents are added. The stinks are placed in a deck, they are shuffled and a card is drawn, a number is written down, then they turn back. Dali the procedure is repeated several times, whichever choice we need. Minus: repetition of single selection.

The procedure for inducing a simple vibrato vibe includes the footsteps:

1. It is necessary to take a complete list of members of the general marriage and number the list. Such a list, guessing, is called the basis of the selection;

2. designate the scoring of the votes, so that the number of scoring is scoring;

3. Draw from the tables of vipadkovyh numbers stіlki numbers, sіlki we need vibrkovyh odiny. If the choice may have 100 points, from the table take 100 points. Numbers of random numbers can be generated by a computer program.

4. choose from the list-bases and warnings, the numbers of which should be given in the written number

§ Simple vipadkova vibіrka may be obvious. This method is more simple to understand. The results of the study can be extended to the sukupnіst that is being twisted. Most of the approaches to the elimination of statistical visnovkіv transfer the selection of information for the help of a simple vibratory selection. However, the method of simple vipadkovoї vibrating can be at least chotiri suttєvі obmezhennya:

1. It is most convenient to create the basis of a vibratory vibe, in order to conduct a simple vibrato vibrato.

2. As a result of the stagnation of a simple vipadkovy vibirka, there can be a great suupnity, but the supremacy is distributed over a great geographical territory, which significantly increases the hour of that variability in the collection of data.

3. The results of testing a simple vibrating test are often characterized by low accuracy and a greater standard pardon, lower than the results of testing other easy methods.

4. as a result of SRS stagnation, an unrepresentative sample may be formed. Wanting vibirki, otrimani simple vipadkovym vіdbor, in the middle to adequately represent the general sukupnіst, deyakі z them very incorrectly represent sukupnіst, scho vyvchaєtsya. The mobility of which is especially great for the small obligation of vibrating.

§ Simple non-repetitive vibіrka. The procedure for prompting the selection is the same, only the cards with the numbers of the respondents are not turned back at the deck.

1. Systematic imovirnіsna vibіrka. Let's simplify the variant of a simple imovirnistnoy vibirka. Respondents are selected for the list of general marriages after a sing interval (K). The value is vipadkovo. The most reliable result is achieved with a uniform general combination, otherwise it is possible to change the size of the crop and even the internal cyclic patterns of the selection (changing the selection). Minuses: so, like in a simple imovirnіsnіy vibirtsі.

2. Serial (nest) selection. Single selection and statistical series (homeland, school, brigade then). Vіdіbrаnі elementi know sucіlnogo obstezhennja. Selection of statistical units can be organized on a quarterly basis for a systematic selection. Minus: Possibility of greater homogeneity, lower of general marriage.

3. Districted vibirka. In case of non-uniform general marriage, first of all, vicoristovuvat imovirnіsnu vibrka with any technique of selection, it is recommended to divide the general vibrancy into uniform parts, such a selection is called regional. Groups of districts can be like natural illumination (for example, districts of the city), and be a sign, laying the foundation for success. The sign, on the basis of which the subdivision is being built, is called the sign of the expansion of that area.

4. "Smart" vibrka. The procedure of "manual" selection works with established contacts from "manual" individuals of the selection - with a group of students, a sports team, with friends, and with friends. It is necessary to take into account the information about the reaction of people to the new concept, such a selection is fully primed. I often pick a “right” selection from the front test of the questionnaires.

Names of vibrators

The choice of such a choice is based on the principles of personality, and, according to subjective criteria - accessibility, typicality, equal representation of meagerly.

1. Quote selection - selection will be like a model, like it will create the structure of the general population like quotas (proportions) of additional signs. The number of elements of the selection from different times is a sign that they grow up, signify with such a rose, so that it showed their parts (proportions) in the general aggregate. So, for example, as a general marriage, we have 5,000 people represented, of which 2,000 women and 3,000 people, so in the quota selection we will have 20 women and 30 people, or 200 women and 300 people. Quotations for selections are most often based on demographic criteria: become, age, region, income, education and others. Minuses: call out these choices are unrepresentative, because you can’t lie against the back of a sprinkling of social authorities. Pros: accessible material.

2. Snow breast method. Vibirka will be in this way. From the skin respondent, starting from the first, ask for contacts of his friends, colleagues, acquaintances, who would have come to understand the choice and could have taken the fate of the next. Later, for the first time, the vibe is formed with the participation of the objects themselves. The method is often used when it is necessary to know that importantly accessible groups of respondents (for example, respondents who may have a high income, respondents who belong to the same professional group, respondents who may have similar hobbies / hobbies too)

3. Swift vibirka - vibirka of the so-called "first bird". Often vikoristovuetsya in the TV and radio broadcasts. Rozmir and the warehouse of spontaneous selections are far from being known and are determined by only one parameter - the activity of the respondents. Disadvantages: it is impossible to establish the capacity of the general to represent the experience, and as a result - the impossibility to designate representativeness.

4. Itinerary experience is often victorious, as if it were the only one of the family. On the map of the settlement in which the experiment is being carried out, all streets are numbered. From the supplementary table (generator) of random numbers, great numbers are selected. A large number of skin looks like it is made up of 3 components: street number (2-3 first numbers), booth number, apartment number. For example, the number 14832: 14 is the street number on the map, 8 is the booth number, 32 is the apartment number.

5. A selection of typical objects has been zoned. As soon as the regionalization of the skin group is selected, a typical object is selected, tobto. an object, which is more important than the previous indicators, is approaching the middle indicators, such a selection is called regionalized with a selection of typical objects.

6. Modal selection. 7. Expert selection. 8. Heterogeneous selection.

Strategies to encourage the group

Vіdbіr group for їhnої participation in psychological experiment zdіysnyuєtsya for additional rіznіh strategіy, yakі nіbіbnі in order to ensure the maximum possible dotrimannya vnutrishnya and ovnіshnyої validity.

§ Randomization (vipadkovy vіdbіr)

§ Paired vіdbіr

§ Stratometric view

§ Closer simulation

§ Catch real groups

Randomization

Randomization, or vipadkovy vіdbіr vikoristovuєtsya for the creation of simple vipadkovy vibirok. Vikoristannya of such a vibrancy is poached in the admission, a skin member of the population with equal ease can have a vibrator. For example, if you want to make a selection of 100 VNZ students, you can put papiers with the names of all VNZ students in caplets, and then a distance of 100 papiers - you will be a selection (Goodwin J., p. 147).

Double choice

Double choice- a strategy to create a group of vibrators, in which the groups of the last ones are composed of subjects that are equivalent to the side parameters that are significant to the experiment. This strategy is effective for experiments with both experimental and control groups, with a shorter option - breeding twin pairs (monota dizygotic), which allows creating ...

Stratometric wind

Stratometric wind- randomization from different strata (or clusters). With which method of forming the selection of the general marriage, it is divided into groups (strata), so that the same characteristics (statya, century, political similarity, enlightenment, income level and income) are selected, and the following characteristics are selected.

Closer Modeling

Closer Modeling- Storing the exchange of selections and aggregation of selections about the same selection for the widest population. For example, for the participation of the students of the 2nd year of the university, this record is expanded to "people of all ages 17 to 21". The admissibility of such restrictions is marginalized.

Closer modeling - molding the model, like a clearly defined class of systems (processes) shows its behavior (what is necessary) with acceptable accuracy.

Elements who are stoked by experiment (caution, experience).

Vibration characteristics:

Yakіsna characteristic of the vibrator - what we choose and how to induce the vibrator to my vicorist.
Kіlkіsna characteristic of vibіrki - sіlki vipadkіv vybiraemo, so obyag vibіrki.

Vibration required:

The object of accomplishment is already great. For example, the supporting products of a global company are a large number of territorially scattered markets.
The main need for the collection of primary information.

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Subtitles

Obyag vibirki

Obyag vibirki - The number of vipadkіv, included in vibirkovu sukupnіst.

Vibrations can be mentally divided between large and small, the shards of mathematical statistics can be staggered by different incomes, depending on the selection. It is important that vibrating commitments over 30 can be upgraded to great ones.

Fallow and independent vibirka

twin pair,
two vimir be-like signs before that after the experimental injection,
people and friends
etc.

If there is such an interrelationship between the choices during the day, then the numbers of the choices are respected independent, for example:

people and women,
psychologists and mathematicians.

Apparently, the fallow vibirki may still be the same, but the obligation of the independent ones can be renewed.

The equalization of the selections is carried out with the help of different statistical criteria:

Pearson criterion (χ 2 )
Student criterion ( t )
Wilcoxon criterion ( T )
Criteria Mann - Witnі ( U )
Criteria signs ( G )
that in.

Representativeness

A sample can be seen as representative or not. The selection will be representative of a great group of people, as in the middle of this group there are representatives of various subgroups, only in this way it is possible to make the correct vysnovki.

An example of a non-representative sample

Follow-up with experimental and control groups, as determined by different minds.
- Follow-up with the experimental and control groups from the study of the strategy of pairwise selection
There is only one group of victories - the experimental one.
Follow-up to varying degrees (factorial) plan - all groups are placed at different minds.

Tipi vibirok

The selections are divided into two types:

imovirnіsnі
naming

Imovirnіsnі vibirki

Just an immovable vibirka:
- Just a re-vibration. The selection of such a selection is grounded on admissions, which the respondent with an equal frequency of ease can spend at the selection. For sub-bags of the list of general stock, cards with the numbers of the respondents are added. The stinks are placed in a deck, they are shuffled and a card is drawn, a number is written down, then they turn back. Dali the procedure is repeated several times, whichever choice we need. Minus: repetition of single selection.

The procedure for inducing a simple vibrato vibe includes the footsteps:

1) it is necessary to take a complete list of members of the general marriage and number the list. Such a list, guessing, is called the basis of the selection;

2) designate the assessment of the number of charges, so that the number of charges is assessed;

3) draw from the tables of vipadkovyh numbers stіlki numbers, sіlki we need vibrkovyh odiny. If the choice may have 100 points, from the table take 100 points. Numbers of random numbers can be generated by a computer program.

4) choose from the list of bases and warnings, the numbers of which should be given to write down the specific numbers

Simple vipadkovy vibirka may be obvious advantages. This method is more simple to understand. The results of the study can be extended to the sukupnіst that is being twisted. Most of the approaches to the elimination of statistical visnovkіv transfer the selection of information for the help of a simple vibratory selection. However, the method of simple vipadkovoї vibrating can be at least chotiri suttєvі obmezhennya:

1) it is often difficult to create the basis of a vibratory vibe, as if to conduct a simple vibrato vibrato.

2) as a result of the stagnation of a simple vipadkovy vibirka, there can be great sukupnist, or sukupnist, distributed over a great geographical territory, which significantly increases the hour of this variability in the collection of data.

3) the results of testing a simple vibrating test are often characterized by low accuracy and a greater standard pardon, lower than the results of testing other easy methods.

4) the result of SRS testing may form an unrepresentative sample. Wanting vibirki, otrimani simple vipadkovym vіdbor, in the middle to adequately represent the general sukupnіst, deyakі z them very incorrectly represent sukupnіst, scho vyvchaєtsya. The mobility of which is especially great for the small obligation of vibrating.

Just a random vibe. The procedure for prompting the selection is the same, only the cards with the numbers of the respondents are not turned back at the deck.

Systematic imovirnіsna vibrka. Let's simplify the variant of a simple imovirnistnoy vibirka. Respondents are selected for the list of general marriages after a sing interval (K). The value is vipadkovo. The most reliable result is achieved with a uniform general combination, otherwise it is possible to change the size of the crop and even the internal cyclic patterns of the selection (changing the selection). Minuses: so, like in a simple imovirnіsnіy vibirtsі.
Serial (nest) selection. Single selection and statistical series (homeland, school, brigade then). Vіdіbrаnі elementi know sucіlnogo obstezhennja. Selection of statistical units can be organized on a quarterly basis for a systematic selection. Minus: Possibility of greater homogeneity, lower of general marriage.
District vibirka. In case of non-uniform general marriage, first of all, vicoristovuvat imovirnіsnu vibrka with any technique of selection, it is recommended to divide the general vibrancy into uniform parts, such a selection is called regional. Groups of districts can be like natural illumination (for example, districts of the city), and be a sign, laying the foundation for success. The sign, on the basis of which the subdivision is being built, is called the sign of the expansion of that area.
"Smart" vibrka. The procedure of "manual" selection works with established contacts from "manual" individuals of the selection - with a group of students, a sports team, with friends, and with friends. It is necessary to take into account the information about the reaction of people to the new concept, such a selection is fully primed. I often pick a “right” selection from the front test of the questionnaires.

Names of vibrators

The choice of such a choice is based on the principles of personality, and, according to subjective criteria - accessibility, typicality, equal representation of thinly.

Quotna vibration - vibirka will be like a model, like it will create the structure of the general marriage, looking at quotas (proportions) is a sign that they are vibrating. The number of elements of the selection from different times is a sign that they grow up, signify with such a rose, so that it showed their parts (proportions) in the general aggregate. So, for example, as a general marriage, we have 5,000 people represented, of which 2,000 women and 3,000 people, so in the quota selection we will have 20 women and 30 people, or 200 women and 300 people. Quotations for selections are most often based on demographic criteria: become, age, region, income, education and others. Minuses: call out such unrepresentative selections, to those who cannot be credited with a lot of social parameters. Pros: accessible material.
Snow breast method. Vibirka will be in this way. From the skin respondent, starting from the first, ask for contacts of his friends, colleagues, acquaintances, who would have come to understand the choice and could have taken the fate of the next. Later, for the first time, the vibe is formed with the participation of the objects themselves. The method is often used when it is necessary to know that importantly accessible groups of respondents (for example, respondents who may have a high income, respondents who belong to one professional group, respondents who may have similar hobbies / hobbies).
The elemental vibrator is the vibrator of the so-called “first bird”. Often vikoristovuetsya in the TV and radio broadcasts. The expansion and storage of spontaneous selections is far from being known, and is determined by only one parameter - the activity of the respondents. Disadvantages: it is impossible to establish the capacity of the general to represent the experience, and as a result - the impossibility to designate representativeness.
Itinerary experience - often vikoristovuєtsya, as if alone vvchennya є sіm'ya. On the map of the settlement in which the experiment is being carried out, all streets are numbered. From the supplementary table (generator) of random numbers, great numbers are selected. A large number of skin looks like it is made up of 3 components: street number (2-3 first numbers), booth number, apartment number. For example, the number 14832: 14 is the street number on the map, 8 is the booth number, 32 is the apartment number.
A selection was made from a selection of typical objects. Since a typical object is selected from the skin group, then an object that is important for the following characteristics is approached to the average indicators, such a selection is called regionalized from the selection of typical objects.
Modal selection.
Expert selection.
Heterogeneous selection.

Strategies to encourage the group

Randomization

Randomization, or vipadkovy vіdbіr vikoristovuєtsya for the creation of simple vipadkovy vibirok. Vikoristannya of such a vibrancy is poached in the admission, a skin member of the population with equal ease can have a vibrator. For example, if you want to make a selection of 100 university students, you can put papiers with the names of all university students in caplets, and then a distance of 100 papiers - it will be a selection (Goodwin J., p. 147).

Double choice

Double choice- a strategy to create a group of vibrators, in which the groups of the last ones are composed of subjects that are equivalent to the side parameters that are significant to the experiment. This strategy is effective for experiments with vicarious experimental and control groups, with a shorter option - twin pairs (mono - and dizygotic).

Stratometric wind

Stratometric wind- randomization from different strata (or clusters). With which method of molding, the selection of the general marriage is divided into groups (strata), which may have the same characteristics (state, century, political similarity, illuminance, income level, etc.), and they are sampled according to the best characteristics.

Closer Modeling

Closer modeling - molding the model, like a clearly defined class of systems (processes) shows its behavior (what is necessary) with acceptable accuracy.

Statistical research is even more laborious and expensive, because of the thought about replacing the sucrose guardianship with vibrkovs.

The main meta of the discontinuous guardianship of the field is in the case of otrimanni pokazniki in the long-term statistical marriage in the trimmed part.

Vibirkove watchfulness- the same method of statistical analysis, in which the most important indications of marriage are established only from the taken part, with the improvement of the position of the vipadic dosing.

With the vibratory method of marriage, less than a day’s share of the total marriage is given, in its own case, the statistical marriage is called the general marriage.

Vibirkovoy sukupnistyu or simply vibirkoy can be called selected from the general sukupnіstі part of the individual, as a matter of statistical analysis.

The value of the vibratory method: with the minimum number of cases, the statistical follow-up will take place in more short periods of time and with the least amount of money and work.

At the general marriage, a part is alone, as Volodya signifies that it grows, is called a general part (indicated R), and the average value of the additional variable sign is the general average (indicated X).

In a vibratory marriage, a part of the signs that curl up is called a vibratory part, or a part (indicated by w), the average value of a vibrancy is tse Vibirkova average.

If in the period of obstezhennia there will be all the rules of the scientific organization, then the vibratory method will give accurate results, and to that the method will be adequately zastosovuvat for re-verification of the data of the strong guard.

This method of gaining a wide breadth in state and dependent statistics, to that, with the previous minimum number of additional ones, it is possible to accurately carry out the investigation.

Doslіdzhuvana statistichna sukupnіst folded s odin with signs that vary. Warehouse vibirkovoї sukupnostі can vіdrіznyatsya vіd vіd warehouse general ї sukupnostі, tse rozbіzhnіst mіzh characteristics vіbіrka і general ї sukupnostі become pardon vibіrki.

Pardons, the power of the vibratory guard, characterize the expansion of the rozbіzhnosti between the tributes of the vibratory guard and all the marriage. Pardons, which are blamed on the course of vibratory caution, are called pardons of representativeness and are subdivided into vipadkovy and systematic.

If vibirkov’s sukupnіst is insufficiently accurately reflecting all sukupnіє through a discontinuous nature of caution, they call vipadkovy pardons, that yogo pardons are signified with sufficient accuracy according to the law of great numbers and the theory of universality.

Systematic pardons are blamed on the result of the violation of the principle of vipadkovnosti selection of loneliness of constipation.

2. See that selection scheme

Rozmіr pardon vibіrki and methods of її designation to lie in view of that selection scheme.

Razrіznyayut chotiri see the selection of sukupnostі loneliness guard:

1) vipadkovy;

2) mechanical;

3) typical;

4) serial (nesting).

Vipadkovyy vіdbіr- The widest method of selection of the female selection, which is also called the method of foaling, with a new skin unit of statistical marriage, a ticket is prepared with a serial number.

Given the vipadical order, the necessary number of single statistical marriages is selected. For the minds of the skin of them, it is possible to use the same amount of money at the same time, for example, the circulation of the winnings, if from the total number of issued tickets, the first part of the numbers is chosen in the usual order, on which the winnings fall. With all the numbers, you will be able to have a drink at the vibrator.

Mechanical blower- the only way, if all the sukupnіst razbivaetsya on the same group for obligatory vipadkovoy sign, then from the skin group is taken only one loneliness. .

Typical choice tse way, in which case the statistical consistency is divided according to the exact, type sign, similarly homogeneous, of the same type of group, then from the skin group of the group in a variant way

The typical selection gives more accurate results, representatives of all typical groups consume the chips for a new selection.

Serial (nesting) selection. The selection is made by the whole group (series, nests), selected in a vipadkovy chi by a mechanical way. For such a skin group of the series, a trial is carried out, and the results are transferred to the entire sequence.

The accuracy of the selection should be determined according to the selection scheme. The selection can be carried out according to the scheme of repeated and non-repetitive selection.

Repeated selection. The skin is selected alone, or the series is turned to the full extent and you can have a drink at the vibrator again. This is the name of the scheme of the turned kuli.

Non-repeated vote. The skin is trimmed alone, it turns and rotates in the marriage, so it will be taken away from the repeated trimming. Tsya scheme took away the name of the unturned kuli.

The non-repetitive selection gives more accurate results, to the fact that, with the very obligation of vibrating, it is safe to shove a greater number of loneliness, which is twisted.

Combinations vіdbіr You can go through one or a few steps. The selection is called one-stage, so that the selection of one unit of the marriage is given a marriage.

Vibirka is called rich-stepped, as if marriage should pass by gatherings, subsequent stages, moreover, the skin of the feet, the stage of selection may have its own loneliness of selection.

A rich-phase vibrating - on all the slabs of the vibrating, that very loneliness of the vibrating is taken, but there are also a few stages, phases of the vibrating obstezheny, as if to differ among themselves by the breadth of the program obstezhennya and obligatory vibrating.

The characteristics of the parameters of the general and vibratory aggregates are indicated by the following symbols:

N- Commitment to the general marriage;

n- Obsyag vibirki;

X- General average;

X- vibirkova average;

R- General chastka;

w - vibirkova part;

2 - general variance (dispersion signs in general marriage);

2 – vibrational dispersion of the same signs;

? - Average quadratic education in the general marriage;

? - Mid-square deviation of the vibrator.

3. Vibirka pardons

Skin loneliness in case of vibratory vigilance is the mother’s responsibility to be with others the ability to be chosen - the basis of the vibratory vibrancy.

Vlasnevipadkova vibrka - Tse vydbіr odinits z usієї generalї sukupnostі for help foaling or in some other way.

The principle of vipadkovnosti є those that on the inclusion or exclusion of the object from the vibirki can't get in any factor, krіm vipadku.

Part of vibirka– the value of the number of units of the vibratory marriage to the unit of the general marriage:

Vlasnevipadkovy vіdbіr in pure viglyadі є vihіdnim middle іnshih vіdіv vіdboru, nіmu polyayut i realіzuyutsya main principle vibirkovogo statisticheskogo svorezhennja.

There are two main types of defining indicators, which are similar to the victorious method in the vibrating method - the average value of the calculus sign and the apparent value of the alternative sign.

Vibіrkova chastka (w), or zokrema, is assigned to the setting of the number of ones, which is a sign that it is twisted m, up to the total number of singles of vibirkovo sukupnosti (n):

To characterize the superiority of vibratory indications, they distinguish between the average and the boundary pardon of the vibrator.

The pardon of a vibrator, її is also called a pardon of representativeness, є a difference in vibratory and general characteristics:

?x = | x - x |;

?w = | x - p |.

Only to vibirkov's guards the authorities' pardon of the vibirka

Vibirkova middle and vibirkova part- Tse vipadkovі values, scho take different values in fallow land as a single statistical marriage, scho twisted, like squandered at the vibrator. Vіdpovіdno pardon vibirki - tezh vipadkovі value and can take different values. For this, the middle of the possible pardons is called - the middle pardon of the vibirka.

The average pardon of the vote is determined by the general pardon of the vote: the greater the number for the smaller equal minds, the smaller the value of the middle pardon of the vote. Surprisingly, the daedals are more than a few of the general marriage, the daedals more accurately characterize the entire general marriage.

The middle pardon of a vibrka to lie down in the form of a stage of variation, the signs that grow, are the stages of variation characterized by dispersion in their line? 2 or w(l - w)- For alternative signs. The smaller variation is the sign of that dispersion, the smaller the average pardon of the vibirka, and the other way around.

In the event of a vipadic repeated selection of the average pardon, it is theoretically possible to pay for the following formulas:

1) for the middle school sign:

de? 2 - the average value of the dispersion of a large sign.

2) for a part (alternative signs):

So how is dispersion signs of a general marriage? 2 exactly unfamiliar, practically correspond to the values of the dispersion S 2 , let us secure for vibirkovo suupnosti according to the law of great numbers, for yakim vibirkovu suupnіst in order to achieve the great obligation of the variance to accurately reflect the characteristics of the general ubiquity.

The formulas of the average pardon of the vibrating in case of a recurrent vitiation are offensive. For the average value of the calculus signs: the general variance is expressed through the choice of such correlations:

where S2 is the value of dispersion.

Mechanical vibration- Tse vydbіr odiny vіbіrkovu sukupnіst s generalї, yak razbity for a neutral sign on equal groups; they vibrate in such a way that only one individual is selected from such a skin group.

In case of mechanical selection of one unit, the statistical totality is to be sorted in front of the order, after which the given number of one unit is selected mechanically through a singing interval. At this interval of the general marriage, the vibrating part is equal to the salutary value.

At the end of the great marriage of mechanical selection for the accuracy of the results, close to the vampy volume, the average pardon of the mechanical vicarious selection is determined, the formulas of the vlasnevipadkovo without repeated vibrating.

For the selection of individuals with heterogeneous marriages, the so-called typical selection is called, which is victorious, if all the individuals of the general marriage can be divided into sprats of similarly homogeneous, similar groups for signs, such as show signs, which grow.

Then, from the skin type group, with the help of the vulva or by mechanical vibrating, an individual selection is carried out alone in vibrating mating.

A typical vibrating sound zastosovuetsya schodo folded statistical aggregates.

A typical selection gives accurate results. Typization of the general marriage safety representativeness of such a selection, representation in its skin typological group, which allows including the inclusion of intergroup dispersion in the middle pardon of the selection. Therefore, when the average pardon of a typical selection is indicated, it is an indicator of the variation in the appearance of the average from the internal group dispersions.

The serial vibirka conveys a vicious opinion from the general aggregation of evenly large groups in that, in such groups, everyone should be wary of being alone without a blame.

Oskіlki in the middle of the group (series) are covered with all the singles, the average pardon of the selection (when choosing equal-sized series) to fall only in the intergroup (interseries) dispersion.

4. Ways of rozpovsyudzhennya vibirkovyh results on the general succession

The characteristic of the general marriage with the improvement of the vibratory results is the final meta of the vibratory warning.

Vibirkovy method zastosovuetsya otrimannya characteristics of the general marriage for singing showing signs of vibrating. Fallow for the purpose of follow-up, it is necessary for direct re-examination of indications of selection for general marriage or by the method of re-examination of correction coefficients.

A way to directly pererakhunka in what for the new showcases of the vibratory part w or average X poshiryuyuyutsya at the general sukupnіst z looking at the pardon vibіrki.

The method of correcting the coefficients is zastosovuetsya, if the vibrating method is used to clarify the results of the sucial appearance. Tsej sposіb vykoristovuєtsya at the clarified data of the short censuses of thinness among the population.

It often happens that it is necessary to analyze as specifically a social phenomenon and take information about it. Such tasks are often blamed on a hundred ...

Vibirka - tse ... Appointment, you see, methods and results of the vibirka

Type Masterweb

09.04.2018 16:00

It often happens that it is necessary to analyze as specifically a social phenomenon and take information about it. Such tasks are often blamed on statistics and statistical results. It is most impossible to reconsider any social phenomenon. For example, how to recognize the idea of the population of all the Meshkants of the singing place from what kind of food? Encourage absolutely everyone - on the right, it is practically impossible and a hard worker. In such moods, we need a vibe. It is the very same understanding, on which practically all the results of that analysis are grounded.

What is vibrka

Under the hour of analysis of a particular social phenomenon, it is necessary to take away information about it. Just take it, whether it’s a follow-up, you can remember that the follow-up and analysis is not a skin unity of the totality of the object of follow-up. To the point of respect, one should take less than a single part of all the marriages. The axis of the process is the choice: if only one song is completed, the number of ones is multiplied.

Zvichayno, it’s rich to lie in the sight of vibirka. Ale and basic rules. It’s a smut from them to say that they can be absolutely vipadkovy from the sukupnosti. Individuals of marriage, as if they would be victorious, not guilty of being chosen for any criterion. Roughly seeming, as it is necessary to collect a marriage from the population of the singing city and choose only people, then you will have a pardon, so that the choice of holdings is not vipadkovo, but recognition for a gender sign. May all methods of selection be based on this rule.

Selection rules

In order for the chosen order to reflect the main qualities of the whole thing, it is to be blamed for specific laws, de main respect should be given to such categories:

vibіrka (vibіrkova sukupnіst);
General sukupnіst;
representativeness;
pardon of representativeness;
unity of marriage;
vibrating methods.

The features of the vibrating guard and the folding of the vibrator are similar to the offensive:

We must remove the results of the foundation on mathematical laws and rules, so that with the correct follow-up and with the correct investigations, the results will not be created behind a subjective sign
Giving you the opportunity to significantly more and with less time and resources to take the result, not the entire array of possibilities, but only a part of it.
It can be zastosovano for the development of various objects: for example, for specific food, for example, for a century, to become a group for us, to the development of a huge thought or a level of material security of the population.

Vibirkove watchfulness

Vibіrkove - this is statistically more cautious, for whom not all the sukupnіst of the old one, less than a deak, is selected by the singing rank of її part, and the results of the wedding of the tsієї part are expanded by stretching the entire suupnіst. This part is called a vibratory suture. The only way to grow a great array of object of achievement.

Ale vibirkove caution can be victorious only in vipadkas, if it is necessary to carry out only a small group of loners. For example, when the spіvvіdnіnі chіvvіdnіnіnі chіlоіkіv іn zhіnі іn the vicarist's svіtіvіvаtimem vibrіrkovе vibrіkіvnja. For obvious reasons - it is impossible to take to respect the skin inhabitant of our planet.

And the axis, with such a well-dosledzhenny, but not all the baggers of the earth, but the singing 2 "A" class in a particular school, singing place, singing region, can do without a vibratory guard. Age it is possible to analyze the entire array of the object of investigation. It is necessary to protect the lads and girls of the second class - from the beginning of the future.

Vibіrkova that general suupnіst

Really, it's not as complicated as it sounds. Be-yakoy ob'єkі vvchennya є dvі system: general and vibіrkova suupnіst. What is it? Mustaches of loneliness go up to the general. And before the selection - those are the only ones of the total marriage, taken for the selection. If everything is correctly broken down, then a part of the change in the layout of the (general) marriage was selected.

If we talk about general austerity, then we can see only two її raznovidi: the same general austerity is unimportant. Deposit in order, chi vіdoma zagalna kіlkіst odinі given system chi nі. If it is a chain of general sukupnіst, then it is easier to pick a worker through those who are seen, some kind of a large number of people are alone in the collection.

This moment is more necessary for the workers. For example, it is necessary to add hundreds of unfavorable products of confectionery varieties to a particular plant. It is permissible that the general order has already been appointed. Dostemenno vіdomo, scho on rіk tse pіdpriєmstvo viroblyaє 1000 confectionery vіrobіv. If you select 100 vipadkovy confectionery samples from tsієї thousand and submit them for examination, then the penalty will be minimal. Roughly seeming, 10% of all products were accounted for, and for the results we can, taking a pardon of representativeness to the point of respect, talk about the bad quality of the products.

And if you conduct a selection of 100 confectionery varieties from an unknown general totality, de facto, there were, let’s say, 1 million individuals, then the result of the selection of that very sampling will be critically implausible and inaccurate. Do you know the difference? Therefore, the significance of the general marriage of the rich is very important and the result of the investigation is even more important.

Representativeness of marriage

Otzhe, now one of the most important meals - what can be a vibirka? Tse nagolovnіshy moment doslіdzhennya. At this stage, it is necessary to sort out the selection and choose the ones from the total number to it. Marriage was selected correctly, as if the main features and characteristics of general marriage were lost even in vibrators. It is called representativeness.

In other words, if a part of the selection takes into account the very tendencies and peculiarities that and the whole amount of the existing, then such a collection is called representative. Not a skin-single sample can be selected from a representative totality. But there are also objects of investigation, the selection of which simply cannot be representative. Zvіdsi i vynikає podobnittya pardon representativeness. Let's talk a little more about it.

How to pick a vibrator

Also, in order to maximize the representativeness, we see three main rules of selection:

The most unique indicator of the number of votes is 20%. Statistical selection of 20% is practically always giving the result of maximum approximations to effectiveness. At that very hour, there is no need to transfer the greater part of the general marriage to the chosen one. 20% of the vote is a sign, which is a rich collection of achievements. Let's introduce some more theory. The bigger the selection, the smaller the pardon of representativeness and the more accurate the result of the investigation. The closer the selection will be to the general number of individuals, the more precise and correct the results will be. Even if you finish the entire system, the result will be 100%. Ale, there is no vibirka here. Tse ti doslіdzhennya, in which the whole array, all alone, do not cry for that.
At the time of underestimation of the processing of 20% of the general marriage, the marriage of one marriage is allowed for a quantity of not less than 1001. Obviously, wine will not give accurate results with large arrays of data, but it will bring the selection as close as possible to the accuracy of the selection.
In statistics, there are impersonal formulas and star tables. Fallow according to the object of study and according to the criterion of selection, the main dotsіlnіst choice of these other formulas. And yet this point wins out at the folding and rich stages of succession.

Pohibka (pardon) of representativeness

The main characteristic of the quality of the selected selection is the understanding of the "representativeness". What is it? Tse pevnі razbіzhnostі mіzh pokazynіv vybіrkovogo i sutsіl'nogo svorezhennya. Behind the show-offs, the representativeness is subdivided into nadiya, which is closer. Otherwise, it seems that admissible є vіdhilennya at rozmіrі up to 3%, vіd 3 to 10% and vіd 10 to 20% vіdpovіdno. Although the statistics are buggy, the kidnapping did not exceed 5-6%. Otherwise, it's a good idea to talk about the lack of representativeness of the selection. For the calculation of the representativeness of the fact that, as if it is pouring into the general marriage, a lot of factors are taken to respect:

Imovirnist, for which it is necessary to take the exact result.
How many are alone in vibratory marriage. As it was predicted earlier, if there are fewer people in the warehouse of the selection, then the pardon of representativeness will fit in more, and on the other hand.
Homogeneity of the dosledzhuvano sukupnosti. The more rich the sukupnist, the more the representativeness will be. Possibility of the stock of a representative deposit in the uniformity of warehouse units.
A way to select singles from a vibrator's marriage.

For specific assignments, the examinations of the average value of the error are set by the participant himself, following the programs of caution and for the assignments before the examinations were carried out. As a rule, the marginal pardon of vibrka (pardon of representativeness) at the boundary of 3-5% is respected.

Bigger - don't wait longer

Also warto remember, scho smut when organizing a vibratory guard - tse bringing it to a minimum. If there is no trace of a transcendental change between the death of the election, the shards can lead to an unrealistic increase in the obligation of the data of the election, and, hence, the promotion of vitrates for the conduct of the election.

At that very hour, it is not possible to transcendently increase the scope of the loss of representativeness. Aje in this way, even though there will be a change in the obligation of vibratory marriage, I will bring the reliability of the results to the worsening.

Like a food, sound to be placed in front of the doslidnik

If it were to be carried out, then for the purpose of marking it for the removal of any results. Under the hour of the conduction of the vibratory meeting, ring out, put on the cob nutrition:

Designate the necessary number of singles of vibratory marriage, so that more than one will be completed. Until then, for an accurate analysis, the collection may be representative.
Rozrahunok hiatus of representativeness from the establishment of equal ymovirnosti. In addition, it should be noted that there are no victories due to the equal accuracy of 100%. As the same authority, as it carried out the competition of the song segment, it is staggering that their results are 100% accurate, it is nonsense. Bagatorichna practice has already established the percentage of success of a correctly carried out trial examination. This indicator is more expensive 95.4%.

Ways to choose the right one for the pickup

Not a skin sample, representative. In other words, it is itself a sign in a different way of expressions in a halo and in the її part. For the sake of reaching the representativeness, we could use the docile selection of various methods of selection of the selection. Moreover, there is no other way to lie in specific conditions. Among such priyomіv vyborennya vibrki see:

vipadkovy vіdbіr;
mechanical wind;
typical view;
serial (nest) selection.

Vipadkovy vіdbіr є system zahodіv, investih vіdkovy vіdbіr single marriages, if it is possible to drink at the vibrator equal to all the singles of the general marriage. Tsej priyom dotsіlno zastosovuvat less at times of homogeneity and a small number of powerful signs. In a different way, deyakı risi are characteristic of risky but not fermented by vibirci. Signs of vipadkovy selection lie at the basis of other ways to encourage selection.

With a mechanical selection, one should be carried out through a singing interval. As it is necessary to form a selection of specific evils, it is possible to use the statistical form of registration of the registered evils in the skin 5th, 10th or 15th card in the fallage in the number of the total number and the actual counts of the selection. Not enough of this is those who, before the selection, need to have a new appearance of one marriage, then it is necessary to conduct a ranking and only a little after that, you can conduct a selection with a singing interval. This method takes a lot of time, and that is not often the case.

Typical (regional) choice - a type of selection, in which general marriage is divided into the same groups after the sing sign. Some successors live in the place of "groups" and other terms: "districts" and "zones". Then, from the skin group, in the adult order, the number of single ones is selected proportionally to the pet’s vag of the group in the upper group. A typical choice is often found in the sprat of stages.

Serial selection is such a method, in which selection of individuals is carried out in groups (series) and complies with all singles of the selected group (series). The advantage of this is those who, in some cases, were chosen as single ones, more folding, lower series, for example, if they were special, as if they were early. At the borders of selected districts, zones of stagnation, the resurrection of all loners without blame, for example, the remembrance of all specialties, as if they were punished at the singing installation.

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Empirical vvazhayutsya one of the main zabіv vyvchennya suspіlnyh vіdnosyn ta protsesіv. The stench will take care of otrimanna nadіynoy, again that representative information.

The specifics of receptions

Empirical care is taken to ensure the safety of factual knowledge. The stink of hiding the installed that zagalnennya of the situation for the rahunok of the mediated or direct registration of podia, the powerful dosledzhuvanim vodnosinam, objects, yavischam. Empirically accepted and considered in the form of theoretical terms, which are the subject of analysis:

Behavior of individuals and yoga group.
Products of activity.
Verbal dії іndivіdіv, їх thoughts, look, thoughts.

Vybіrkovі doslіdzhennya

Empirically based on the knowledge of the objective and accurate data, collateral data. It is necessary to ensure representativeness of the information in connection with the cym when doing yoga. Vidpovidno, especially the meaning may be correct vibirkova sukupnіst. Tse it means that it is necessary to take into account the data taken from a narrow group of people, to create trends that are similar to those of a large number of respondents. For example, for an hour of testing 200-300 extra data can be extrapolated to the entire population. Indicators of vibratory marriage allow in a different way to go to the establishment of a sustainable and economical processes in the region, in the countryside.

Terminology

For a brief understanding of nutrition, it is necessary to explain the deeds of appointment. The loneliness of the guard is called the uninterrupted dzherelo of information. You can be an individual, a group, a document, an organization or something. General sukupnіst - tse a complex of lonely guards. The stench is all due to the mother of the problem, which is being treated. Bezperedny analysis pіdlyagaє. Vivchennya zdіysnyuєtsya vіdpovіdno until razroblennyh priyomіv vіdomosti vіdomosti. For the purpose of choosing a part of the entire array of respondents understanding "vibration sukupnіst". The ability to represent the key parameters of the global mass of people is called representativeness. A number of vipadkіv zbіgi vіdsutnі. Let's talk about the pardon of representativeness.

Representation security

Details of food related to him are examined in the framework of statistics. Problems are collapsing, shards, from one side, go about the security of the kolkіsnoї representation, yaku let General sukupnіst. Tse means, zokrema, that groups of animals can be represented in the optimal number. The quantity may be sufficient for a normal representation. From the other side, it is possible to get away with a yakіsna representation. She is transferring the song subject warehouse, which is how it is formed vibirkova sukupnіst. Tse it means that, for example, one cannot talk about representativeness, as only people or women, people of a frail age or young people are tested. Vivchennya may zdijsnyuvatisya at the boundaries of all representations of groups.

Vibration characteristic

The term is in two aspects. We are seen as a complex of elements in the face of a massive array of people, the thought of which is vibirkova sukupnіst. Tse so is the process of creating a single category of respondents for the necessary security of representativeness. In practice, there are sprats of types and species of choice. Let's take a look.

Tipi

Їхісує three:

spontaneous vibirkova sukupnіst. Tse recruitment of respondents, selected according to the principle of goodwill. At the same time, accessibility of entry of individuals from a large number of people to a specific group of events is ensured. Stihіyny vіdbіr practical zastosovuёtsya dosit often. For example, for an hour of testing in the press, in the mail. However, this approach may be a significant shortfall. It is impossible for a newcomer to reveal the entire obligation of the general election. Tsej priyom zastosovuetsya z rahuvannyam ekonomіchnosti. For some experiments, this option is the only one possible.
spontaneous vibirkova sukupnіst. Tse one of the main approaches, zastosovuvanih shdo. As a key principle of such a choice, the safety of the ability of the skin unit to be able to drink from the general mass of individuals from a high school group is presented. This is why different prizes are won. For example, maybe a lottery, a mechanical dobir, a table of random numbers.
Stratified (quota) selection. At the її basis lies the formation of the same model of the global mass of respondents. If it comes to you, you will be alone in vibirkov's marriage. For example, wine is victorious for a century or an statuary sign, for the versions of the population is too thin.

vidi

Use the following selections:

Dodatkovo

Vibirki can be both fallow and independent. In the first case, the procedure of the experiment and the results, which will be taken for a new hour for one group of respondents, may have a big impact on another. Clearly, independent vibes do not convey the presence of such an infusion. There is a trace of respect for one important moment. One group of the last ones, where the two were carried out psychologically (to name it, it was straightened out the removal of different traits, features, a sign), for the fallow will be taken into consideration.

Imovirnіsnі vіdbori

Let's look at the types of vibes:

Vipadkov. It conveys the uniformity of the totality of the totality, one possibility of the availability of all components, and induces the appearance of a complete transformation of the elements. As a rule, the selection process has a table with certain numbers.
Mechanical. This variety of vipadkovy vibirki is passed in order behind the singing sign. For example, after the phone number, in alphabetical order, after the date of birth, then. The first component is selected from the vipadic order. Dali zdіysnyuєtsya vіdbіr dermal element z crocodile n. Rozmіr zagalnoї sukupnostі bude N=k*n.
Stratified. Tsya vibirka vikoristovuєtsya for heterogeneity zagalnoї sukupnosti. The rest is divided into strata (groups). At skin їх відбір it is carried out by a mechanical chi vipadkovy method.
Serial. Vіdbіr group zdіysnyuєtsya vipadkovo. In the middle of them, the objects are wielded by a sucilian.

Namemovirnі vіdbori

The stench conveys the choice according to the principle of personality, and, according to subjective signs: typicality, accessibility, equal representation, thinly. To tsієї categorії enter the following selections:

Nuance

For the sake of representativeness, it is necessary to have an exact and recent retelling of the identity of the marriage. Objects of guarding, ring out, one person speaks. Selecting from the list is more complete, numbering the singles and the zastosovuyuchi table with specific numbers. Ale dosit often vikoristovuєtsya і kvazivipadkovy method. Vіn peredbachaє vіdbіr іz perelіku skin n element.

factors, what to inject

Obligation of marriage is called the number of singles. On the thought of fakhіvtsіv, vin not obov'yazkovo can be bigger. Undoubtedly, the greater the number of respondents, the more accurate the result. Prote at once iz tsim great obsyag not zavzhd guaranty success. For example, they trap if the large array of respondents is heterogeneous. Uniformly take into account such sukupnіst, de-control parameter, for example, literacy rіven, rozpodіlyaєєstupovo, tobto, empty chi thickening vіdsutnі. At this time, it is enough to experience a small number of people. For the results of the obstezhennia, it is possible to grow visnovok, so that more people have a normal level of literacy. Into this representativeness of information, one pours in not a few signs, but the yakish characteristics of marriage - the riven of uniformity, zokrema.

Pardons

Look at the average parameters of the sample size according to the value of the general population of the respondents. Indeed, pardons are awarded with additional help. When obstezhennі grown-ups, zastosovuyutsya censuses, statistical appearance, and navit results of past experiments. The control parameters are the setting of the average values of the marriages (general and vibratory), which are clearly defined before the second pardon and the change in the second marriage is called the control of representativeness.

Visnovki

Vibirkove doslіdzhennya - a way to collect data about the establishment and behavior of people through the survey of specially selected groups of respondents. By this method, it is important to be nadiy and economical, if you want and require singing equipment. As the basis of vistupaє vibіrkova sukupnіst. Vaughn stands like a singing part of the wild masses of people. Vіdbir is carried out with a variety of special methods and directives for obtaining information about the entire marriage. The rest, in its own quarter, is represented by all possible large objects, or by this group, as it were. In most cases, the general quality of the flooring is great, so the examination of the skin representative will be done by an expensive and cumbersome process. Therefore, the model has been changed. The vibirkovu sukupnіst includes everything who takes the questionnaire, who is called the respondents, who, in good faith, speaks as an object of the ceremony. It seems simpler, її to become impersonal people who are experiential.

Visnovok

Settlement goals are assigned to specific categories that go up to the general totality. Well, up to a specific part of the general population of people, її add up subjects, included in the group with additional mathematical rozrahunkiv. For the selection, one needs a description of the object of the marriage. After the appointment of the quantity of the last ones, it is determined by the method of shaping the group. The results of the obstezhennia allow us to describe the signs of the well-being of all representatives of the global mass of people. As practice shows, it is more important to carry out vibirkovі, and not sucilni doslіdzhennya.

General order and vibirkove doslіdzhennya. Statistical reliability