Liknep: How to remove atomic energy. Nuclear Energy What processes lead to the creation of nuclear energy
The widespread stagnation of nuclear energy has begun to promote scientific and technological progress in the military world, and for peaceful purposes. Today it is impossible to do without it in industry, energy and medicine.
Nowadays, the increase in nuclear energy is not a great deal, but also a short one. In front of us, there is a danger of radiation, as humans, so there is a lot of middle ground.
The depletion of nuclear energy develops in two directions: the supply of energy and the supply of radioactive isotopes.
Initially, atomic energy was transferred to military purposes, and all developments came from him directly.
Vikoristaniya nuclear energy in the military sphere
A lot of highly active materials are used for the production of nuclear weapons. Experts estimate that nuclear warheads contain several tons of plutonium.
Nuclear protection will be carried to the point where great territories are in ruins.
According to the radius of action and the intensity of the charge of a nuclear weapon, it is divided into:
- Tactful.
- More operationally and tactically.
- More strategic.
Nuclear ammunition is divided into atomic and water. The nuclear system is based on an unkerated Lanzug reaction under important nuclei and reactions. For the Lanzug reaction, uranium or plutonium are used.
Saving such a large quantity of unsafe materials poses a great threat to humanity. And the use of nuclear energy for military purposes can lead to grave consequences.
The first nuclear shield was built in 1945 to attack the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The consequences of this attack were catastrophic. Apparently, this was the first and remaining stagnation of nuclear energy during the war.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The IAEA was created in 1957 to promote the development of international atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Since the very beginning, the agency has been working on the program “Nuclear Safety and Protection of the Unnecessary Environment.”
The most important function is control over the activities of the countries in the nuclear sphere. The organization ensures that the development and production of nuclear energy is carried out in a peaceful manner.
The purpose of these programs is to ensure the safety of nuclear energy, the protection of people and the environment from the influx of radiation. The agency was also involved in the recovery of the legacy of the accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
The agency also promotes the development and supply of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and acts as an intermediary in the exchange of services and materials between agency members.
Together with the UN, the IAEA establishes standards for the safety and security of health.
Nuclear energy
In the other half of the forties of the twentieth century, Radyansky centuries began to develop the first projects for the peaceful development of the atom. Electrical power engineering has become the main focus of this development.
In 1954, a rock station was created in the USSR. After this program, the Swedish nuclear power industry began to be developed in the USA, Great Britain, the Federal Reserve and France. But most of them were not recorded. As it turned out, AES could not compete with stations that operate on coal, gas and fuel oil.
And after the start of the world energy crisis, the rise in oil prices will flow into the nuclear energy sector. In the 70s of the last century, experts believed that the strength of nuclear power plants could replace half of power plants.
In the mid-80s, the growth of nuclear energy had once again recovered, and it was time to reconsider plans for the construction of new nuclear power plants. Both the energy conservation policy and the reduction in the price of naphtha, as well as the disaster at the Chornobyl station, were considered to have negative consequences for Ukraine.
After some countries began to develop and operate nuclear power plants.
Atomic energy for space flights
There were three dozen nuclear reactors floating in space, and they were being used to extract energy.
The first nuclear reactor in space was abandoned by the Americans in 1965. Yak palivo vikoristovuvavsya uranium-235. After processing for 43 days.
In the Radyansky Union, the Romashka reactor was launched at the Institute of Atomic Energy. Yogo decided to work as a victor on spacecraft at the same time as him. After all, we tried everything without launching into space.
The Buk nuclear installation was installed on a radar reconnaissance satellite. The first apparatus was launched in 1970 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
Today, Roscosmos and Rosatom are planning to construct a spaceship that will be equipped with a nuclear rocket engine and will be able to reach Mars. Until then, everything is still at the river stage.
Depletion of nuclear energy from industry
Atomic energy is stagnated to improve the sensitivity of chemical analysis and the production of ammonia, water and other chemical reagents that are vicorized for the production of good substances.
Nuclear energy, which is stored in the chemical industry, allows the extraction of new chemical elements, and helps to create processes that occur in the earth’s crust.
To desalinate salty waters, nuclear energy is also used. Stagnation in ferrous metallurgy makes it possible to recover metal from ferrous ore. In colors, it is stagnated for the production of aluminum.
The use of nuclear energy in the rural state
The depletion of nuclear energy in the rural state is dominated by advanced selection and helps in the fight against spoilers.
Nuclear energy is used to create mutations in humans. We are trying to find new varieties that will bring more yield and disease resistance to agricultural crops. Thus, more than half of the wheat that grows in Italy for making pasta was bred for an additional mutation.
Also, with the help of radioisotopes, there are the best ways to apply goodness. For example, it was also shown that when rice is grown, the application of nitrogen fertilizers can be changed. This saved a lot of money and also saved the environment.
A little bit of the marvelous source of nuclear energy – through the destruction of coma larvae. It’s not too costly for the child to try to get them out. Some mosquitoes that hatched from the hatching of larvae do not have any offspring, but the ovaries are completely normal.
Nuclear medicine
Medicine uses radioactive isotopes to establish an accurate diagnosis. Medical isotopes have a short period of decline and do not pose any special concerns for both the foreigner and the patient.
Another stagnation of nuclear energy in medicine happened quite recently. This is positron emics tomography. With this help, it is possible to detect cancer in the early stages.
Depletion of nuclear energy in transport
In the early 1950s, attempts were made to build a nuclear-powered tank. Troubles began in the United States, but the project was never implemented in everyday life. Moreover, because these tanks were unable to solve the problem of shielding the crew.
At home, the Ford company was working on a car that would run on nuclear energy. However, the production of such a machine did not go beyond the prototype.
On the right, the nuclear installation took up even more space, and the car was even larger. Compact reactors never showed up, so the ambitious project burned out.
Of course, the most popular transport that runs on nuclear energy is a variety of vessels, both military and civilian:
- Transport vessels.
- Aircraft carriers.
- Underwater chavny.
- Cruisers.
- Nuclear submarines.
Pros and cons of using nuclear energy
Today, the light generation energy reaches approximately 17 watts. Although humanity is victorious, its reserves are not endless.
Therefore, as an alternative option, the process of tying up and tying with a great vest for life and a happy middle life is being discussed.
Nuclear reactors are being urgently and steadily upgraded, all possible safety measures are being implemented, otherwise this is not enough. The butt could be an accident at Chernobil and Fukushima.
On the one hand, a reactor that operates properly does not emit any radiation into the atmosphere, just as a large amount of waste waste is lost from thermal power plants into the atmosphere.
The greatest concern comes from processing and saving. Because to date, no safe method has been found for the disposal of nuclear waste.
Enter
In 1939, fate first decided to split the uranium atom. Three more years passed, and a reactor for the creation of a nuclear reactor was built in the USA. Then 1945 the atomic bomb was prepared and tested, and in 1954. In our region, the world's first nuclear power plant was put into operation. In all cases, the energy of the disintegration of the atomic nucleus was enormous. Even more energy is seen as a result of the fusion of atomic nuclei. In 1953, the thermonuclear bomb was tested for the first time in the USSR, and people began to create processes that occur in the world. While it is not possible to use nuclear fusion for peaceful purposes, unless it is possible, people can secure themselves cheap energy using billions of rocks. This problem is one of the most important areas of modern physics for the last 50 years.
Nuclear energy is seen during the decay and fusion of atomic nuclei. Whether the energy is physical, chemical, or nuclear, it manifests itself in its work, producing high temperatures and radiation. Energy in any system is always saved, otherwise it can be transferred to another system or changed in form.
Until about 1800, the main source of fire was wood. The energy of the tree is taken from the dream energy stored in the trees throughout its life. Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, people lay in the presence of brown copalins - vugilla and nafta, the energy of which was also similar to stored sonic energy. When the burning type of vugilla burns, the atoms of water and coal that are located in the vugilla will join the atoms of the sour water. When aqueous or carbon dioxide is released, a high temperature is generated, equivalent to approximately 1.6 kilowatt-years per kilogram or approximately 10 electron volts per carbon atom. This amount of energy is typical for chemical reactions that lead to a change in the electronic structure of atoms. The amount of energy seen at the appearance of high temperature is sufficient to encourage the reaction to continue.
An atom consists of a small, tight, positively charged nucleus, sharpened by electrons. The nucleus makes up the main part of the mass of an atom. It is made up of neutrons and protons (called nucleons), bound together by great nuclear forces, like powerfully overpowering electric forces that bind electrons to the nucleus. The energy of a nucleus is determined by how strongly its neutrons and protons are reduced by nuclear forces. Nucleon energy is the energy required to remove one neutron or proton from a nucleus. If two light nuclei come together to form a larger nucleus, or if a nucleus splits into two lighter ones, then in both cases a great amount of energy is seen.
Nuclear energy, measured in millions of electron volts, is created by the fusion of two light nuclei when two isotopes of water (deuterium) combine in a reaction:
When this happens, a helium atom with a mass of 3 a is dissolved. , strong neutron, 3.2 MEV, or 5.1 * 10 6 J (1.2 * 10 3 cal).
Nuclear energy is also created when an important nucleus (for example, the nucleus of the uranium-235 isotope) splits into a neutron:
The result decays into cesium-140, rubidium-93, three neutrons, and 200 MeV, or 3.2 10 16 J (7.7 10 8 cal). A nuclear fission reaction releases 10 million times more energy than a similar chemical reaction.
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear energy can be generated at the lower end of the energy curve by combining two light nuclei at the same time. The energy that is released by the eyes, like the sun, is the result of the same synthesis reactions in their cores.
With great pressure and a temperature of 15 million degrees C 0. The existing water nuclei there are combined with the rays (1) and as a result of their synthesis the energy of the sun is created.
Nuclear fusion was first achieved on Earth in the early 1930s. The cyclotrons - which scrambled elementary particles - stopped bombarding nuclei with deuterium. When high temperatures were observed, the protective energy was not absorbed. In the 1950s, the first large-scale, uncontrolled process of energy synthesis was demonstrated in thermonuclear experiments in the United States, the USSR, Great Britain and France. However, the reaction was short-lived, because Vicoristan could not be used to remove electricity.
In decay reactions, a neutron, which does not carry any electrical charge, can easily approach and react with a nucleus that splits, such as uranium-235. In a typical fusion reaction, however, the nuclei that react have a positive electrical charge and therefore are subject to Coulomb's law, such forces that follow Coulomb's law, which are responsible for being subdued before the nuclei can unite. This is true if the temperature of the reacting gas - Add a high temperature of 50 to 100 million degrees C0. The gases of important water isotopes deuterium and tritium undergo a synthesis reaction at this temperature:
Seeing approximately 17.6 MeV. Energy occurs primarily as the kinetic energy of helium-4 and neutrons, but is clearly manifested by the appearance of high temperatures in excess materials and gases.
If at such a high temperature, the thickness of the gas becomes 10 -1 atmospheres (this is almost a vacuum), then active helium-4 can transfer its energy to excess water. In this way, the temperature is high and the mind is created for a fleeting synthesis reaction to occur. For these many minds there is a “nuclear occupation”.
The reach of the minds of nuclear thermonuclear fusion is overcome by a number of major problems. First, you need to heat the gas to a very high temperature. Otherwise, it is necessary to control the number of reacting nuclei over a period of time. Thirdly, much of the energy that appears to be required is much less wasted for heating and exchanging the strength of the gas. A problem arises - the accumulation of this energy and its transformation into electricity.
At temperatures above 100,000 C 0 all atoms and water are completely ionized. The gas consists of an electrically neutral structure: positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons. This substance is called plasma.
Plasma is hot enough for synthesis, otherwise we cannot use primary materials. The plasma cooled even more quickly, and the walls of the vessel were damaged by temperature changes. One, the deputy plasma is stored with the charge of the nuclei of the Elektroniv, the yaki is rushing along the spіrali linich lines, the plasma may be exaggerated in the intended magnesite field of the veils, without that, the Schobs of the Sudini Sudini.
In any ceramic device, the synthesis of visible energy may exceed the energy necessary for the exchange and heating of the plasma. This mind can be but vikonana, if the hour of laying the plasma t and its thickness n exceeds approximately 1014. Vidnosini tn > 10 14 are called Lawson's criterion.
Numerical schemes for magnetic placement of plasma have been tested since 1950 in the United States, USSR, Great Britain, Japan and other places. Thermonuclear reactions were observed, but Lawson’s criterion rarely exceeded 1012. However, one device “Tokamak” (this name is a shortening of the Russian words: Toroidal Chamber with Magnetic Coils), initially founded in the SRSR by Igor Tamm And Andriy Sakharov began to produce good results in the early 1960s .
A tokamak is a toroidal vacuum chamber with coils on it that create a strong toroidal magnetic field. A toroidal magnetic field of approximately 50,000 Gaus is maintained in the middle of the chamber by pressing electromagnets. A continuous flow of millions of amperes is created in the plasma by the transformer coils. Closed magnetic field lines firmly interconnect the plasma.
Based on the successful development of the small experimental "Tokamak" in several laboratories, at the beginning of the 1980s two great projects were created, one at Princeton University in the United States and one at the USSR. In Tokamaku, the high plasma temperature is a result of the heat generated when supporting a strong toroidal flow, as well as additional heating when a neutral exchange is introduced, which in total leads to seizure.
Another possible way to withdraw energy from synthesis is also inertial power. In this type of fire - tritium or deuterium is located between the granules, which are bombarded from several sides by a pulsed laser exchange. This creates a thermonuclear reaction that ignites the fire. Several laboratories in the United States and in other places are currently investigating this feasibility. Progress in the synthesis of biologically active materials, and the creation of practical systems for a stable synthesis reaction that generates more energy until it is deprived of energy and strength.
atom It consists of a nucleus, around which particles, called electrons, are wrapped.
The nuclei of atoms are not the most common particles. Stinks are the basis for all speech and matter.
The stench contains a great supply of energy.
This energy emerges as radiation when certain radioactive elements disintegrate. Radiation is not safe for living things on earth, but at the same time it is affected by electricity production and medicine.
Radioactivity is the power of the nuclei of unstable atoms to produce energy. 
Most important atoms are unstable, and the lighter atoms have radioisotopes. radioactive isotopes. The reason for the appearance of radioactivity is those that prevent atoms from losing stability. Today there are three types of radioactive production: alpha, beta and gama. They were named after the first letters of the Greek alphabet. The first core is alpha and beta. If it still becomes unstable, gamma changes will occur. Three atomic nuclei may be unstable, and any type of change may occur from them.
Three atomic nuclei are depicted on the little picture.
The smells are unstable and the skin from them produces one of three types of changes.
Alpha particles hover near the warehouse, two protons and two neutrons. The nucleus of a helium atom has absolutely the same structure. Alpha particles collapse a lot, and therefore they can be affected by any material as thick as a sheet of paper. The stench differs little from the nuclei of atoms and helium. Most people believe that the helium of the Earth is naturally radioactive.
Beta particles are electrons that produce great energy. This light is produced by the decay of neutrons. Beta particles are also no stronger than a jet, they can fly through the air up to one meter. For that person, a copper sheet of millimeter-thickness could be a bad thing on his way. And if you set the lead to 13 mm or the ball to 120 meters, then you can change the gamma-viprom adjustment twice.
Gamma exchange is an electromagnetic vibration that produces great energy. This fluidity of the hand is the ancient fluidity of the light.
Transportation of radioactive substances is carried out in special lead containers with thick walls to block the flow of radiation.
The influx of radiation is not safe for people.
It causes swelling, cataracts, and provokes the development of cancer.
To suppress the radiation surge, a special device is used - the Geiger healer, which makes sounds that click when a radiation jet appears.
When a nucleus releases particles, it transforms into the nucleus of another element, changing its atomic number. This is called the period of decomposition of the element. If it is an element that has re-established itself, as it was previously unstable, the process of decomposition is difficult. And until then, the element will not become stable. There are a lot of radioactive elements during this period, which takes tens, hundreds and even thousands of years, so they tend to die out during this period. Take, for example, an atom of plutonium-2 with a mass of 242. After the alpha frequency is combined with it from an atom of atomic mass of 4, it becomes an atom of uranium-238 with the same atomic mass.
Nuclear reactions.
Nuclear reactions are divided into two types: nuclear fusion and nuclear disintegration.
Synthesis, which is also known as “combination,” involves the joining of two nuclei in one unit under the influence of very high temperatures. This moment seems to have a great amount of energy.
When splitting and splitting, the process of splitting the nucleus begins, releasing its nuclear energy.
This occurs when the nucleus is bombarded with neutrons in a special device called a “particle crusher.”
With the division of the nucleus and the proliferation of neutrons, there is simply a colossal amount of energy.
It appears that to generate a large amount of electrical energy, only one unit of radioactive mass is required.Every other power plant cannot boast of anything like this.
nuclear energy.
Thus, the energy that is released during a nuclear reaction is used to remove electricity, as well as the energy that was lost in submarines and surface vessels. The process of removing electricity at a nuclear power plant is based on the distribution of cores in nuclear reactors. The large reservoir contains containers containing radioactive substances (for example, uranium).
The smells are attacked by neutrons and spit apart, revealing energy. New neutrons are split further away. This is called the Lanzug reaction. The effectiveness of this method of removing electrical equipment is incredibly high, even though safety and hygiene are expensive.
Prote humanity uses nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. In the mid-20th century, nuclear weapons were tested and tested.
This action is subject to a great flow of energy that leads to vibration. When the Second World War ended, the United States stood against Japan with a nuclear war. They dropped atomic bombs on the sites of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The consequences were simply catastrophic.
There were hundreds of thousands of human victims alone.
Alas, they didn’t hesitate and crushed the water’s zbra.
Their point is that nuclear bombs are based on nuclear reactions, and nuclear bombs are based on fusion reactions.
Radiocarbon method.
To obtain information about the hour of death of the body, use the method of radiocarbon analysis. It appears that living tissue contains a lot of carbon-14, which is a radioactive isotope of carbon. A period of rapid decline that dates back to 5700 years. After the death of the organism, the reserves of carbon-14 in the tissues change, the isotope disintegrates, and at this point the hour of death of the organism is determined. For example, you can find out how long ago the volcano erupted. You can find out about the comas that were caught in the lava, and the files.
How is radioactivity detected?
Radiation is used in the industrial sphere.
Gamma-exchange food products to preserve their freshness.
Medicine is concerned with radiation to internal organs.
There is also a technique called radiotherapy. If the patient is sick, take small doses to reduce the risk of cancer in your body.
Wind energy
Wind energy is a branch of energy that specializes in the vicoristic energy of wind - the kinetic energy of wind masses in the atmosphere. Remnants of wind energy are the result of the activity of the sun, and are transferred to new types of energy. Wind energy can also become a great competitor to traditional nuclear, hydro and thermal power plants. The statistical average AEC vibrates approximately 1.3 thousand. MW of electricity is higher, although wind power plants are the largest in the world.
According to data from the American Wind Energy Association, the production cost of a wind power plant has changed to $1 million. per 1 MW – this is approximately the same as the AES production capacity. The efficiency of wind power plants exceeds that of gas ones (600 thousand dollars per 1 MW). Prote, when replacing gas, the wind energy is costless. Wind powered generators do not handle combustion fires. The operation of a 1 MW wind generator over 20 hours of operation can save approximately 29 thousand. tons of vugill or 92 thousand. barrels of nafta. A 1 MW wind generator emits 1800 tons of CO2, 9 tons of SO2, and 4 tons of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
Its great advantage over nuclear energy is that there are no problems with saving and processing waste fuel. It doesn’t matter to those that in twenty years the value of wind electricity has decreased from 40 to 5 cents per kilowatt and has now approached the value of electricity, which is expected for the consumption of oil, gas, coal and and local nuclear energy (in the USA the price for it is set at 2.. . 3 cents per kilowatt), it will be foldable.
Since 1978, the United States has spent over $11 billion. sovereign funds for conducting scientific research in this country, although the results of such investments are still small. Today, environmentally friendly energy accounts for just over 8% of the electricity generated by US power plants. According to the forecast of the US Department of Energy, the sector will grow by 0.5% until 2025. If the energy generated by the hydroelectric power system is released, the indicators will be even lower - 2.1% in the 2001 birth and 3.3% in the 2025 birth.
Nuclear energy is a branch of energy that deals with the extraction and development of nuclear energy (previously used as a term of nuclear energy).
Call for the extraction of nuclear energy via the Lantzug nuclear reaction between uranium-235 and plutonium nuclei. Nuclei fission when a neutron hits them, causing new neutrons to come out. The neutrons below and the vibrations below generate great kinetic energy. As a result of the closure of connections with other atoms, this kinetic energy is quickly converted into heat.
In any case, the primary source of energy is nuclear energy (for example, the energy of nuclear reactions in hydroelectric power stations and power plants that operate on organic matter, the energy of radioactive decay in in their power plants), nuclear power generation is less likely than the cerated reactions in nuclear reactors.
Nuclear energy vibrates in nuclear power stations, is generated in nuclear reactors, nuclear submarines; The United States is working on a program to create a nuclear engine for spacecraft, and has also tried to create a nuclear engine for aircraft.
Nuclear energy is no longer a subject of heated debate. Proponents and opponents of nuclear energy sharply differ in their assessments of safety, reliability and economic efficiency. There is widespread speculation about the possible rise of nuclear fire in the sphere of electricity generation and the development of nuclear weapons.
In nature, nuclear energy is visible in the public eye, but in humans it is found mainly in the nuclear industry and nuclear energy industry, on the surface, in nuclear power plants.
Physical fundamentals
Energy connection
Although the nucleus is made up of nucleons, the protemas of the nucleus is not just a sum of nucleons. The energy that is lost at once from the nucleons is guarded by the difference in the mass of the nucleus and the masses of its adjacent nucleons, which becomes the same, to an accuracy of the coefficient c 2, which connects the mass and energy of the ranks E = m ⋅ c 2 . (\displaystyle E=m\cdot c^(2).) In this way, having determined the mass of an atom and the mass of its components, it is possible to determine the average energy per nucleon, which simultaneously reduces the diversity of the nucleus.
You can see from the graph that even light nuclei have less energy per nucleon, lower nuclei, which are the most important (on the left side of the graph). This is the reason why energy is seen in thermonuclear reactions (when a number of nuclei are melted). And by contrast, even the heavier nuclei on the right side of the graph have lower binding energy per nucleon than the nuclei of the middle mass. In connection with this, the distribution of important nuclei is also energetically visible (as is evident from the views of nuclear energy). It should also be noted that when divided (on the left side), the difference in mass is much greater than when divided (on the right side).
The energy required to separate a nucleus into a nucleon is called energy of the bond E z kernels. This is the energy of the bond (this is the energy of the bond that one nucleon falls on, ε = E z/ A, de A- The number of nucleons in the nucleus, or the mass number), is different for different chemical elements and is different for isotopes of the same chemical element. The energy supplied to the nucleon in the nucleus changes to the average no more than 1 MeV for light nuclei (deuterium) up to 8.6 MeV for medium nuclei (with mass number A≈ 100). At important nuclei ( A≈ 200) the binding energy to the nucleon is lower than that of the nuclei of the average mass, by approximately 1 MeV, so that their transformation into the nuclei of the average mass (divided into 2 parts) is accompanied by the same amount of energy close to 1 MeV per nucleon, or close to 200 MeV per nucleus. The transformation of light nuclei into larger important nuclei gives an even greater energy gain from the decomposition of the nucleon. So, for example, the reaction of combining nuclei with deuterium and tritium
1 D 2 + 1 T 3 → 2 H e 4 + 0 n 1 (\displaystyle \mathrm ((_(1))D^(2)+(_(1))T^(3)\rightarrow (_( 2)) He^(4)+(_(0))n^(1)) )is accompanied by a visible energy of 17.6 MeV, or 3.5 MeV per nucleon.
Podіl kernels
The appearance of 2.5 neutrons per reaction allows the Lanzug reaction to occur, since from these 2.5 neutrons at least one can create a new section of the uranium nucleus. The neutrons that are released do not divide the nuclei of the uranium vidraz, but initially they will be increased to thermal fluidity (2200 m/s at T=300 K). Improvement is achieved most effectively with the help of extra atoms of another element with small A, for example, water, coal, and material called spirty.
Some other nuclei can fission when more neutrons are stored, for example 233 U or 239. However, it is also possible to distribute liquid neutrons (high energy) of such nuclei as 238 U (which is 140 times more, below 235 U) or 232 (which is 400 times more in the earth’s crust, below 235 U).
An elementary theory of the subsurface was created by Niels Bohr and J. Wheeler based on the original speckle model of the nucleus.
The distribution of nuclei can also be reached by the addition of high-quality alpha frequencies, protons or deuterons. However, these particles, when replaced by neutrons, provide more energy to feed the Coulomb barrier of the nucleus.
Development of nuclear energy
These are exothermic nuclear reactions that generate nuclear energy.
To extract nuclear energy, use the Lanzjug nuclear reaction for uranium-235 or plutonium nuclei, at least for other important nuclei (uranium-238, thorium-232). Nuclei fission when a neutron hits them, causing new neutrons to come out. Neutrons and fragments of the floor carry great kinetic energy. As a result of the closure of connections with other atoms, this kinetic energy is quickly converted into heat.
Another way to extract nuclear energy is thermonuclear fusion. In this case, two nuclei of light elements are united in one mass. In nature, such processes occur on the Sun and other stars, being the main source of their energy.
Most atomic nuclei are unstable. Over time, some of these nuclei are spontaneously transformed into other nuclei, releasing energy. This phenomenon is called radioactive decay.
Nuclear energy depletion
Podil
At this time, from all nuclear energy sources, the most practical stagnation is the energy that is seen in the division of important nuclei. In the minds of the shortage of energy resources, nuclear power at reactors is considered the most promising in the coming decade. At nuclear power plants, nuclear energy is recovered to remove heat, which is recovered to generate electricity and burn. Nuclear power plants have increased the problem of ships from non-local navigation areas (
